There are several reasons why you may have to speak in public

1.You have to do an oral presentation of your ad campaign in your advertising class. 2.You may find yourself campaigning for a position in the student council. 3.You may have to defend your thesis during your senior year. 4.You may be asked to deliver a talk in one of your major subjects. 5.Your social life demands that you engage in an audience communication; and 6.You have to deliver a short talk on behalf of your school, etc.

What is Public Communication?

Monroe and Ehninger (1973) define public communication as involving a single speaker who, in a relatively formal tone and manner, presents as continuous, uninterrupted, informative, persuasive or entertaining discourse of supposedly general interest to a sizeable number of other persons.

1. Public communication is speech-making before a large body of audience in a formal situation wherein you, the speaker, display your talents for eloquence and oratory. 2. Public communication is communication of ideas using words and actions to let others know what is happening. 3. Public communication is an art of facing a group of people and communicating to them your thoughts and feelings by means of effective speech. 4. Public communication is direct communication with the audience- the creation of an idea in their minds through the stimuli of words, facial expressions and movements.

I. According to Preparation of Delivery 1. Impromptu Speech

This is the speech that requires the least preparation. In this method of speech the speaker is given very little advance notice to speak for a few minutes on a specific subject.
The following principles would be useful: - Be sure you know the topic and then formulate your central idea. - Open your talk with a sentence that says something. Start with an impressive lines or wake up the audience then go to the point where you Identify the 5 Ws and H.

- Dont be apologetic. - Be concrete and specific as possible and give examples. - Conclude on a strong note or a positive attitude. 2. Manuscript Reading This is called a read speech because it is one that is written out and read word for word during delivery. This type of speech presented during solemn and historic occasion.

3. The Memorized Speech

This kind of delivery is good only for elocution pieces and like the read speech it also lacks spontaneity and naturalness. There are times when human memory fails that in such event the speaker during his/her delivery may be exposed to great embarrassment.

4. The Extemporaneous Speech This method of delivery is recommended for public speaking classes. It is not read or memorized. It has spontaneity and naturalness. The speaker also has time to prepare the speech according to the ideas it should tackle, though the language is formulated at the moment of delivery. This kind of speech is practiced but every time the speaker practices, the speaker is simply guided by his outline.

II. According to Purpose 1. Speech to inform This speech aims to achieve clarity and understanding by the way of establishing answers to the basic 5 Ws and H about the topic that are non-controversial and non-debatable. There are classifications of this type of test and they are (a) Explanation or Demonstration and (b) Description.

2. Speech to Inspire
This speech stimulates the emotional attitudes of the audience by setting a higher standard of ideas. A very good example of an occasion where this type of speech is delivered is during graduation exercises where guest speaker are successful alumnae or alumni of the inviting school if not a high ranking, government official.

3. Speech to Persuade This is the most difficult of all the speeches to make because in this speech, the speaker attempts to influence the attitude and behavior of an audience by setting a higher standard of ideas. This does not deal with the idea only but selling the idea to the truth and the reasonableness of the speakers proposition to the point of following the speakers recommended course of action.

4. Speech to Entertain
A speech to be entertaining does not have to be funny. Entertainment in speeches may come in the form of presenting or interesting information. Although humor is an important element of speech, it is not always the basis of an entertaining speech.

III. According to Occasion There are special occasions whereby speeches expected. The following are speeches delivered on certain occasions: - Salutation - Introduction - Recognition of Guest - Acceptance - After Dinner Speech - Welcome - Response - Proposing for a toast

I. Introduction

- A speech of introduction is designed to pave the way for the main speaker. It psychologically prepares the audience to listen to the speech. - A speech of introduction is said in 2 to 3 minutes only.
Points to Remember 1. Know who the Speaker is - Consult with the speaker about what he or she prefers that you say about him/her. - Get the necessary biographical information that will show who the speaker is and why he or she is qualified. 1. Know what the person is going to talk about

Format of the Speech of Introduction 1. The first two sentences should establish the nature of the occasion. 2. The body of the speech should establish the speakers credibility. 3. The conclusion usually includes the name of the speaker and the title of his/her talk. Considerations 1. Avoid over praising dont explain everything superlative otherwise the presentation appears insincere and dishonest. 2. In handing the award, the left hand should hold the award and present it to the left hand of the recipient. Offer a congratulatory handshake using right hand.

What is Public Communication? - An acceptance speech is a response to a presentation speech. - The purpose of this speech is to give brief thanks for receiving the award. Format of Acceptance Speech 1. Give a brief thanks to the group, agency or people responsible for giving the award. 2. Express gratitude also to those who share in the honor if the recipient was aided by others. Format of Acceptance Speech The acceptance speech should be brief, unless it is the lead into a major address.

III. Welcoming - A welcome speech is one that expresses pleasure for the presence of a person/s or organization. - In a way, this is a double speech of introduction you introduce the person/s (guest/s). Points to Remember 1. Be familiar with both the person/s or organization you are welcoming and the situation to which you are welcoming the person. 2. Then give a little information about the guest and the organization to which he or she is being welcomed. 3. The conclusion is a brief statement of hope for a pleasant and profitable time, visit or stay with the organization.

IV. Tributes

- A speech of tribute is one that praises someones accomplishments during a birthday, promotion, retirement or death (eulogy).
Points to Remember 1. The key to an effective tribute is SINCERITY. The praise should be apparent, but dont overdo it. Be objective, too. 2. Have in-depth biographical information about the subject focus on the persons commendable characteristics and accomplishments. 3. Be prepared to make a sound positive appraisal of the subject.

A. Commencement Address

- Is a speech presented by a major political, business or social figure, or a prominent alumnus/a, during graduation ceremonies. - Inspire the graduates in their future work. - In some instances, it is a platform for a major figure to make a major policy statement.
B. Keynote Address - Is a speech presented at the beginning of an organization's conference or convention that is designed to inspire participants in their work and generate enthusiasm among them.

C. Commemorative Address
- Speeches are presented to celebrate national holidays or anniversaries of important dates and events. - The goal of these speeches are: a. To remind the audience of the background for the particular holiday, date, or event b. To draw some conclusion about its significance that inspire the audience.

1. Public Speaking is important in order to achieve success in every walk of life. - Speech occur at formal occasions where an audience has assembled to listen. Examples would be during business conferences and seminars, for a client presentation, etc.
2. Public Speaking is empowerment. - Mastery of public speaking skills enables you to communicate even complex. - Mastery of public speaking skills enables you to influence peoples attitudes and behavior. - Mastery of public speaking skills will help you search for a job and qualify for a promotion. - Mastery of public speaking skills is necessary to help you achieve a position of leadership.

3. Public speaking is audience-centered.

- More than 2,000 years ago, Aristotle observed that The audience is the end and object of a speech. - A speech prepares and then delivers a speech with the expressed intention of achieving a specific goal with his/her audience who have the freedom to accept or reject the goal.

4. Public Speaking challenges speakers to consider audience diversity

- A speaker should consider the differences between and among people that affect nearly every aspect of the communication process. The diversity may be in the culture, values, and behavior of the audience.

5. Public speaking develops critical thinking.

- As you prepare your speeches, you will formulate goals, define concepts, ask questions, gather data, organize, and analyze information, put ideas together, and evaluate your own and other peoples arguments. 6. Public speaking carries ethical responsibilities - Public speakers are expected to uphold certain standards that can help the audience with their personal value judgments. Speakers share the responsibility of helping individuals develop ethical standards that can be applied to specific situations.

1. Tell the truth

- An audience that consents to listen to you trust you and expect that you will be honest. - Telling the truth means more than avoiding outright lies. If you are not sure whether the information is the true or not, dont use it until you have verified it. IGNORANCE IS NOT EXCUSE. 2. Keep your information in perspective - Although a little exaggeration might be accepted as a normal product of human nature, when the exaggeration is perceived as distortion, most people will consider it as telling a lie-andsee it an unethical.

3. Resist Personal attacks against those who oppose your ideas - Remember that name-calling and other irrelevant personal attacks are detrimental to a speakers trustworthiness. - Responsible listeners recognize that such tactics dont contribute to the speakers argument and represent an abuse of the privileged status that the speaker enjoys. 4. Fully credit source of quotations and paraphrases - Avoid PLAGIARISM - If you are to use the exact words of another person, you must indicate that you are quoting directly.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

To entertain To persuade To inform To convince (argue) To actuate

1. Choose a topic that is appropriate to you as a speaker, the audience, and the occasion. 2. Gather enough materials for your speech. 3. Make an outline of your speech.

4. Use verbal and non-verbal supporting materials in developing the body of speech.
5. Develop and write an impressive introduction of your speech.

6. Write a thought provoking conclusion of the speech.

7. Rehearse and rehearse for perfection.

You can speak well if your tongue can deliver the message of your heart. John Ford