Unit C:

Investigating Matter and Energy in

Living Systems

Chapter 8: Structure and Function

of Plant and Animal Cells
 What you will learn in this
chapter:
 Overview
How the microscope of the Chapter
developed and
its history
 The difference between plant and
animal cells
 The various cell structures and their
functions
 How the cell theory developed and
its components
 What you will learn today
 The History of Microscopes
 Different Types of Microscopes
 Parts of the Microscope you will
be using in the lab
 How to safely use and handle a
microscope
 How to Calculate Magnification
The History of the
Microscope
 A Brief History of the
Microscope
 The earliest “microscopes” were really
only magnifying glasses and had only
a single power

 Usually about 6X - 10X magnification

 *We call these “simple microscopes”

and they consist of a single lens. *
Using a Simple Microscope
 Some time around 1590
• Hans and Zaccharias Janssen started to experiment
with lenses.

• They stacked them in a tube and made one of the

most important discoveries in science!

• The object near the end of the tube appeared greatly

enlarged. They were able to magnify up to 30X.

• They invented the :

Compound Microscope- consists of 2 or

more lenses
 1600’s- Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
• experimented with
grinding and polishing
lenses to create greater
curvature(bend).

• These rounder lenses

were able to magnify
200X and made what was
once invisible to the
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
His microscope:
– In between 2 brass
plates he placed a lentil
size lens. He used this
to help him count
threads of wool.

– From his contributions

he is called the “Father
of Microscopy”
 Robert Hooke
 Also spent much of his time working to
improve the design and capabilities of
microscopes.
Robert Hooke’s Microscope
 Robert Hooke
 Coined the term “Cells”

 While observing cork under

his microscope he saw
what looked like little
chambers which called
cells.

 This term is still used today

to describe the building
blocks of life- Cells
Compound Microscopes
 Today, compound
microscopes can
multiply objects 400x
to 1000x, and this is
the type of microscope
you will use in the lab.
 The Compound Microscope
 Is a microscope with more 2
or more lenses.

 Use light to illuminate the

object being viewed

 Can magnify an object 400

to 1000X its normal size.
Overview
 The Electron Microscope
• In 1932 German Scientists
created the Electron
Microscope. It was later
refined by Canadians at the
University of Toronto.
• Albert Prebus of
Edmonton and James
Hiller of Brampton were
the men that made it
possible to view magnify
 The Electron Microscope
 Rather than light the
electron microscope relies
on a beam of electrons to
magnify objects.

 There are two types:

◦ The Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)

◦ The Scanning Electron

Microscope(SEM
The Transmission Electron
Microscope
 Focuses a beam of electrons at
a very thin slice of the object .

 Covered in chemicals it is
inserted into a vacuum-sealed
chamber

 The specimen must be dead to

be observed
The Scanning Electron
Microscope
 A beam of electrons
are passed over the
specimen being
observed.

 The Scanning Electron

Microscope Can be
used to view living
specimens
FL
Y
FO
OT
 Parts of the Microscope
Light Source Stage clips
§ A bulb or reflection from § Holds the slide in place
a mirror sends light up
through the object being Objective lens
viewed § Magnifies the image

Coarse-Adjustment Knob Tube

§ Brings the image into
focus; used only with the
low-power objectives
Eyepiece
Fine-Adjustment Knob
§ Brings the image into
clearer focus; used with
the medium=power and
high-power objective
lenses
§ Holds the eyepiece and the
objective lens at the correct
working distance from each
other
§ Has a lens that enlarges the
image from the objective
lens
Diaphragm
§ Controls the amount of
light that reaches the
Important!!
 At all times you have both hands on the
microscope
◦ One hand under the Base and the other holding onto
the Arm

 Only use lens paper to clean the lenses and

slides

 NEVER use the Coarse adjustment knob when

you are using a high objective. You will break the
slide if you do! This is the only reason a slide
would ever break.
 How to Calculate the Magnification of
Samples
 To calculate the magnification of a sample you
simply multiply the magnification of the eyepiece
by the magnification of the objective lens.

Magnification of the Eyepiece X Magnification of the Objective lens=

magnification of your sample

Example:
 The magnification of the eyepiece is 10X, the magnification
of the objective lens is 4X

Total Magnification= 10 x 4= 40
 Unit C:
Investigating Matter and Energy in
Living Systems

Section 8.2: Cell Theory

Cells
 Are the smallest unit of life
 They are the building blocks
of life
 They are composed of
smaller units called
organelles
Organelles
 Are parts of the cell that
carry out a particular role
within the cell

 Organelles are made up

of molecules, and
molecules are made up
of atoms
Tissues
 is a simple structure
made up of cells of the
same type working
together to carry out a
specific function.
Organs
 When two or more
tissues combine and
work together to
perform a
specialized task they
are called organs
 Systems
 are groups of related
organs that work
together to carry out a
function for the body or
organism
Circulatory System Digestive
System
 Sample Exam Question
3. What is the proper sequence of levels of organization in
multi-cellular organisms?

◦ A. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, system, organ,

organism

◦ B. Organelles, organism, organ, system, tissue, cell, molecule

◦ C. Atom, molecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, system,

organism

◦ D. Organism, system, organ, molecule, organelles, cell, tissue

ANSWER: D
 Cell Theory
 A Theory:
◦ Is An explanation of something
that has been supported by
repeated experimental results.

 So following this meaning of

what a theory is, scientists
have accepted the cell
theory based on repeated
experimental results
The Cell Theory States:
#1.) All living organisms are made up of cells
The Cell Theory:
#2.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and
function in organisms
 The Cell Theory
#3.) All cells come only from other cells.
The Cell Theory: Overview
 #1.) All living organisms are made up of cells

 #2.) Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function in organisms

 #3.) All cells come only from other cells

Life Processes
 All individual cells carry out all the
necessary activities that are needed in
order to survive. These are called “Life
Processes”.

 They include for example

◦ Reproduction
◦ Growth
◦ Transportation

 We will learn this in more detail in Chapter

9
 Unit C:
Investigating Matter and Energy in
Living Systems

Chapter 8.3 & 8.4

Plant and Animal Cell Structures
 Organelles
 Cells are able to carry out life
processes because of their
organelles.

 Organelles:
◦ Are structures within a cell that carry
out a specific function

◦ Some are common to both plant and

animals cells, others are specific to
either a plant or an animal cell.
 Parts of the Cell- Nucleus
 Nickname:
◦ “The Control Center”

 Function:
◦ It controls all the activities in the cell

 Contains:
◦ DNA which holds hereditary instructions
(eye color, hair color...)
 Parts of the Cell-Cytoplasm
 Nickname:
◦ “Cell Chowder?”
 Function :
◦ holds all the organelles in
place. This jelly like
substance surrounds the
nucleus. It is not within the
nucleus.
 Part of the Cell-
Mitochondria
 Nickname:
◦ “The Power House”
 Function:
◦ it releases energy in the cell.
It uses oxygen and releases
energy from digested food.
 Parts of the Cell-Vacuole
 Nickname:
◦ “Storage facility”
 Function:
◦ Stores water, food, and waste
that the cell cannot use right
away.
 Under the microscope this
looks like an empty sac.
 In plant cells these are very
large
 Parts of the Cell- Lysosome
 Nickname:

◦ “The Destroyer”

 Function:

◦ These are sacs within the cell that

contain strong chemicals that digest
molecules

◦ They fuse with vacuoles to digest food,

or they can digest worn out parts of the
cell.
Parts of the Cell-Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Nickname:
(ER)
◦ “The Transporter”
 Function:
◦ It transports materials. Food,
water, and waste move
around and out of the cell
through the ER
 There are two types:
◦ Rough ER
◦ Smooth ER
 The Parts of the Cell-Golgi
Body
 Nickname:
◦ “The Shippers”
 Function:
◦ It packages and transports
proteins, and holds waste
products until the cell is ready to
get rid of them.
 This is a Specialized part of
the ER
 The Parts of the Cell-Cell
 Nickname: Membrane
◦ The Gate Keeper
 Function:
◦ It separates the inside of the cell from
the outer environment.
◦ It keeps everything together!
◦ It is a Semi-permeable membrane.
This means it is able to regulate what Cell
comes into the cell, and what leaves.
It allows things like water and
nutrients in but keeps out things that
may be harmful or unnecessary.
 Parts of the Cell
 Both Plant and Animal Cells
contain the Organelles that
we have gone over so far:
◦ Nucleus
◦ Cytoplasm
◦ Mitochondrion
◦ Vacuole
◦ Endoplasmic Reticulum
◦ Golgi Body
◦ Cell Membrane
◦ Lysosomes
 Plant Cells contain 2 key
organelles that animal cells
DO NOT contain.
 The Parts of the PLANT
CELL
 The Cell Wall
◦ Nickname:
“Support System”

◦ Function:
This provides protection and
strength for the cell. This is a
non-living part and is found
ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
 The Parts of the PLANT
CELL
 Chloroplast
◦ Nickname:
“Sun Catchers”
◦ Function:
They contain a pigment called
chlorophyll. It is this that gives
plants their color.

They also collect sunlight for

photosynthesis. They use sunlight
to make sugar for our cells to use
as energy.

It is only found in PLANT CELLS

 Is this a Plant or Animal
Mitochondrio
Vacuole

n
Cell? Chloroplas
t

It is a Plant cell
Because it
Nucleus
contains
A thick cell wall
And chloroplasts
Endoplasm
ic
Golgi Body
Reticulum
 Cell
Mitochondrion
Membrane

Vacuole ER

Nucleus

Lysosome

Golgi Bogy Cytoplasm