Pump characteristic

Operating pressure

Speeds
Displacement volume (V) volume of liquid per

revolution Volumetric flow rate: Q = n V where n : number of rotation (rpm) V : displacement volume (per rev)

Pump Efficiency (Volumetric)

To determine performance of pump

Divided into two:

Volumetric efficiency (vol) : Indicates amount of leakage that takes place in the pump. Effected by pressure. vol = QA/QT = (actual flow rate)/(theoretical flow rate)

Mechanical efficiency (m) Indicates amount of energy losses due to reasons other than leakage.

m = pump output power(no leakage)/actual power delivered to pump = pQT/TAN where p : pump discharge pressure [Pa] QT: pump theoretical flow rate [m3/s] TA : theoretical torque delivered to pump [Nm] N : pump speed [rpm]

 Or

m = TT/TA = (theoretical torque to operate pump)/(actual torque delivered to pump)

where TT [Nm] = (VD [m3] p [Pa])/2 TA = (actual power delivered to pump [W])/ (2N/60[rpm])

Total/overall efficiency
Total efficiency: tot = vol m

where

tot : total efficiency vol : volumetric efficiency m : mechanical/motor efficiency

Example (1)
A leakage of oil from a pump is 6% at 230 bar. Calculate the

total efficiency if the flow rate at 0 bar is 10 dm3min-1 and the motor efficiency is 75%. Solution: Q (P = 0 bar) = 10 dm3min-1 Q (P = 230 bar) = 10 0.94 = 9.4 dm3min-1 motor = 0.75, vol = 9.4/10 = 0.94 Therefore tot = motor vol = 0.705 (= 70.5 %)

Example (2)
A pump has a displacement volume of 100 cm3. It delivers

0.0015 m3/s at 1000 rpm and 70 bars. The prime mover input torque is 120 Nm. a) What is the overall efficiency of the pump? b) What is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

Solution
a) From QT = V n,

Given V = 100 cm3/rev = 0.0001 m3/rev QT = V n = 0.0001 m3/rev (1000/60 revs-1) = 0.00167 m3/s

Solution
Solve volumetric efficiency

vol = QA/QT = 0.0015/0.00167 = 0.898 = 89.8% Solve mechanical efficiency m = PQT/TAN = (70 105)(0.00167)/(120)(1000 (2/60)) = 0.93 = 93% Therefore, tot = 0.93 0.898 = 0.835 = 83.5%

Solution
b) m = TT/TA

TT = m TA = 0.93 120 = 112 Nm

Assignment 3
The pump in Example 2 is driven by an electric motor

having an overall efficiency of 85%. The hydraulic system operates 12 hours per day for 259 days per year. The cost of electricity is RM0.11 per kWh. Determine: a) The yearly cost of electric to operate the hydraulics system. b) Amount of yearly cost of electricity that is due to the inefficiencies of the electric motor and pump.

Hydraulic valves
Device for controlling the energy flow direction.
4 basic valve types: Directional control valve Non-return valves Pressure valves Flow control valves

Basic valve symbols

1. Directional control valve

Change, open or close flow path in hydraulic system. Types: 1. 2 ports/2 way 2. 3 ports/2 way 3. 4 ports/2 way 4. 4 ports/3 way

2 ports/2 way valve

1 working port and 1 pressure port Control delivery by closing or opening the passage

3 ports/2 way valve

1 working port, 1 pressure port and 1 tank connection Control delivery o Normal position P is closed and A to T is open o Actuated position T is closed, flow from P to A

4 ports/2 way valve

2 working port (A, B), 1 pressure port and 1 tank connection Control delivery o Normal position flow from P to B and A to T o Actuated position flow from P to A and B to T

4 ports/3 way valve

2. Non-return valves
Allows hydraulic flow in only one direction.

3. Pressure valves
Control and regulate pressure in a hydraulic system.
Types:

- Pressure relief valve - Pressure regulator

Pressure relief valve (PRV)

To control and relieve pressure in a hydraulic system.
If the pressure generated exceeds the spring force, the valve will open.
P

Pressure regulator
Reduce the output pressure to safe/usable pressure.
Automatically shuts off hydraulic flow at a certain

pressure.
A

4.Flow Control Valve

Reduce the speed of cylinder or motor rpm
Eg - Throttle valve
o

One way flow control valve

Throttle valve
Used to restrict the flow from either direction

100%

One way flow control valve

Restrict the flow in one direction while allowing a bypass

in the opposite direction Used to reduce the speed of cylinder movement

100%