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DC Circuit
DC Circuit
Specific Learning Objectives
Electrical power
• Power P in an electrical circuit is given by the product of potential difference V
and current I. The unit of power is the watt, W. Hence
Electrical energy
• Electrical energy = power × time
• If the power is measured in watts and the time in seconds then the unit of energy
is watt-seconds or joules.
• If the power is measured in kilowatts and the time in hours then the unit of
energy is kilowatt-hours, often called the ‘unit of electricity’.
• The ‘electricity meter’ in the home records the number of kilowatt-hours used
and is thus an energy meter.
DC Circuit
Main effects of electric current
• The three main effects of an electric current are:
• Magnetic effect : bells, relays, motors,
generators, transformers, telephones, car-ignition
and lifting magnets.
• Chemical effect : primary and secondary cells and
electroplating
• Heating effect : cookers, water heaters, electric
fires, irons, furnaces, kettles and soldering irons
DC Circuit
• Series circuits
• Figure 5.1 shows three resistors R1,
R2 and R3 connected end to end, i.e., • from Ohm’s Law :
in series, with a battery source of V
volts.
In a parallel circuit:
• a) the sum of the currents I1, I2 and I3 is
equal to the total circuit current, I, i.e. I =
I1 + I2 + I3, and
• b) the source p.d., V volts, is the same
across each of the resistors.
• From Ohm’s law:Figure 2.3 : Parallel
circuit
• Source : Electrical and Electronic 8th
Edition (2002)
DC Circuit
• Current division
• For the circuit shown in Figure
2.4, the total circuit resistance,
RT is given by: Figure 2.4 :
Parallel circuit
• Source : Electrical and
Electronic 8th Edition (2002)
• 2.6, E1 is positive and E2 is
negative.)
Light Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
DC Circuit
• Kirchhoff’s laws
I1= I2=I3=ITotal
RESISTORS IN SERIES
• Assuming that the connecting wires offer no resistance to
current flow, the potential difference between the terminals
of the battery (V) equals the sum of the potential
differences across the resistors, i.e.,
V=Vl+ V2+ V3
•The equivalent electrical
resistance (R) for this
combination is equal to the
sum of the individual
resistors, i.e.,
R=R1+ R2+ R3
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
In a simple PARALLEL CIRCUIT, the current leaving the
battery divides at junction point A in the diagram shown
below and recombines at point B. The battery current (I)
equals the sum of the currents in the branches. In general
I = I1 + I2 + I3
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
• If no other resistance is present, the potential difference
across each resistor equals the potential difference across
the terminals of the battery.
• The equivalent resistance (R) of a parallel combination
is always less than the smallest of the individual
resistors. The formula for the equivalent resistance is as
follows:
• 1/R = 1/RI + 1/R2 + 1/R3
• The potential
difference across each
resistor in the
arrangement is the
same, i. e.
• V = VI = V2 = V3
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
In a simple PARALLEL CIRCUIT, the current leaving the
battery divides at junction point A in the diagram shown
below and recombines at point B. The battery current (I)
equals the sum of the currents in the branches. In general
I = I1 + I2 + I3
EMF AND TERMINAL
• All sources ofVOLTAGE
emf have what is known as INTERNAL
RESISTANCE (r) to the flow of electric current. The internal
resistance of a fresh battery is usually small but increases
with use. Thus the voltage across the terminals of a battery is
less than the emf of the battery.
• The TERMINALVOLTAGE (V) is given by the equation
V = ε - Ir, where ε represents the emf of the source of
potential in volts, I the current leaving the source of emf in
amperes and r the internal resistance in ohms.
• The internal resistance of the source of emf is always
considered to be in a series with the external resistance
present in the electric circuit.
KIRCHHOFF'S RULES
1. Place a (+) sign next the long line of the battery symbol
and a (-) sign next to the short line. Start choosing a direction
for conventional current flow ( flow of positive charge )
If you choose the wrong direction for the flow of current in a
particular branch, your final answer for the current in that
branch will be negative. The negative answer indicates that
the current actually flows in the opposite direction.
I
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
• 2. Assign a direction to the circuit in each independent branch
of the circuit. Place a positive sign on the side of each resistor
where the current enters and a negative sign on the side where
the current exits, e.g.; This indicates that a drop in potential
occurs as the current passes through the resistor .
SUGGESTIONS FOR USING KIRCHHOFF'S
LAWS
• The total charge stored on the capacitor plates (Q) equals the
amount of charge which left the source of:
• Q = Ql + Q2 + Q3 ( Charge is additive)
• and since Q = CV then
• CV = CV1 + CV2 + CV3
• C= C1+ C2 +C3 (Capacitance is additive)
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
• For CAPACITORS IN SERIES,
the amount of charge (Q) that
leaves the source of emf equals
the amount of charge that forms
on each capacitor:
• Q = Ql = Q2 = Q3
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
• From Kirchhoffs loop
rule, the potential
difference across the
source of emf (V) equals
the sum of the potential
differences across the
individual capacitors:
Circuits containing resistors and
capacitors
An RC CIRCUIT consists of a resistor and a capacitor
connected in series to a de power source.When switch
1 (S1), shown in the diagram below, is closed, the
current will begin to flow from the source of emf and
charge will begin to accumulate on the capacitor.
Using Kirchhoff s loop rule it can be shown that