I.real Number

1.
REAL NUMBERS
Calculus I (MA 1113) - Faculty of Science
Telkom Institut of Technology
Schedule : Twice a week
1
st
lecture : Tuesday, 08.30-10.30 at A207A
2
nd
lecture : Thursday, 08.30-10.30 at A206A
Mark system
Middle Test 40%
Final Tet 40%
Quiz 20%


The Sillaby :

Chapter I Real numbers
Chapter II Function
Chapter III Limit and continuity
Chapter IV Differentiation
Chapter V Application of derivative
Midtest
Chapter VI Integral
Chapter VII Application of integral
Chapter VIII Transcendental function
Chapter IX Techniques of integration
Chapter X Improrer integral
Final test

REFERENCES :

Purcell, dkk., Calculus with Geometry.
Purcell, dkk., Kalkulus dan Geomteri Analitis Jilid I,
terjemahan Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta
Pre-test
Simplify:

( ) ( )
. 4 3 6 13 2 5 9 ... a + = (

1 2 1 1 1 2
. ...
3 5 2 3 5 9
b
(
| |
+ =
|
(
\ .

2 2
2 2
6 2
. . ...
1 5 6
x x x x
c
x x x
+ +
=
+ +
3 3 3
. 2 4 2 16 ... d
(
+ =

2
18 4 6
. ...
3
3
e
x x
x x
+ =
+
+
2
2
3
4 3
. ...
5 5
1 3
x
x
x x
f
x x
+
=
+

Sistem bilangan
N : natural
number
Z : integer
Q : rational number
R : real number
N : 1, 2, 3, ...
Z : ,-2,-1,0,1,2,..
0 , , , = e = b Z b a
b
a
q
Q :
R Q Irrational =
t , 3 , 2
Irrational number :
Calculus I (MA 1113) - Faculty of Science Telkom Institut of Technology
Garis bilangan
0
1
The real number corresponding to a point on the line (real line)
-3
2
t
A line segment on a real line is said interval
Interval
Intervals
Set notation Interval notation
{ }
a x x
<

( )
a ,

{ }
a x x
s

( |
a ,

{ }
b x a x
< <

( )
b a ,

{ }
b x a x
s s

| |
b a ,

{ }
b x x
>

( )

, b

{ }
b x x
>

| )
, b

{ } 9 e
x x

( )
,

Geometric picture
a
a
a
b
a b
b
b
Properties of Real Number
Order properties :
Trichotomy
Let x and y are real numbers, then either x < y or x > y or
x = y
Transitive
If x < y and y < z then x < z
Multiplication
Let z is a positive number and x < y then xz < yz.
Let z is a negative number and x < y then xz > yz
Inequality
Inequality :

where A(x), B(x), D(x), E(x) are polynomial
and B(x) 0, E(x) 0
( )
( )
( )
( ) x E
x D
x B
x A
<
A solution of an inequality in an unknown x is a
value for x that makes the inequality a true
statement.

Steps to find solution of inequality :
1. Write inequality as :

0
) (
) (
<
x Q
x P
2. Factoring P(x) and Q(x) into a product linear
factors (ax+b) and/or irreducible quadratic
factors ( )

3. Find zeros of linear factor and put these point
on real line
4. Use test points to find sign plus(+) or minus(-)
2
4 0
2
with b ax bx c ac + + <
Example
Solve

5 3 2 13 > > x
3 5 2 3 13 + > > + x
8 2 16 > > x
4 8 > > x
8 4 s s x
| | 8 , 4
Solution =
4 8
1
8 4 6 2 s < x
2 4 8 s < x
2 4 8 > > x
8 4 2 < s x
2
2
1
< s x
|
.
|
= 2 ,
2
1
2
2
1
solution
2
0 3 5 2
2
< x x
( )( ) 0 3 1 2 < + x x
Zeros :
2
1
= x and 3 = x
3
++ ++ --
2
1
3
Solution =
|
.
|
\
|
3 ,
2
1
6 3 7 6 4 2 + s s x x x
x x 7 6 4 2 s 6 3 7 6 + s x x
and
4 6 7 2 + s + x x
and 6 6 3 7 + s x x
4
10 9 s x 0 10 s x
and
9
10
s x 0 10 > x
and
9
10
s x
and
0 > x
Solution=
| )
(
\
|
, 0
9
10
,
0
9
10
Thus
solution =
(
9
10
, 0
1 3
2
1
1
<
+ x x
0
1 3
2
1
1
<
+ x x
( ) ( )
( )( )
0
1 3 1
2 2 1 3
<
+
+
x x
x x
5.
( )( )
0
1 3 1
3
<
+

x x
x
Zero : -1,
1
3
, 3
3
++ ++ --
-1
--
1
3
Solution =
( )
1
, 1 , 3
3
| |

|
\ .
The Inequality with Absolute Value
Definition : The absolute value of real
number x is defined by
<
>
=
0 ,
0 ,
x x
x x
x
Geometrically : |x| is distance from x to original point (0)
Properties of absolute value :
y
x
y
x
=
2
x x =
a x a a a x s s > s 0 ,
a x a a x > > > 0 ,
or
a x s
s y x
2 2
y x s
6 The triangle inequality
y x y x + s +
1
2
3
4
5
y x y x >
Example
4 1 < < x
Solve :
3 5 2 < x
Use second properties
3 5 2 3 < < x
5 3 2 3 5 + < < x
8 2 2 < < x
Solution =
( ) 4 , 1
1 4
1.
5 4 3 2 + > + x x
2.
Use the fourth properties
( ) ( )
2 2
5 4 3 2 + > + x x
25 40 16 9 12 4
2 2
+ + > + + x x x x
0 16 28 12
2
> x x
2
3 7 4 0 x x + + s
3
4
zero:
, -1
Solution =
4
[ , 1]
3

Plot zero on real line :
-1
3
4
++ -- ++
<
>
=
2 2
2 2
2
x x
x x
x
<
> +
= +
1 1
1 1
1
x x
x x
x
Real line is divided into 3 interval :
-1 2
I II III
( ) 1 ,
| ) 2 , 1 | ) , 2
3. 2 1 2 3 > + x x
Use definition of absolute value :
1 < x
2 1 2 3 > + x x
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 3 > x x
2 1 3 6 > + + x x
2 2 7 > x
9 2 > x
9 2 s x
2
9
s x
(
\
|

2
9
,
I. For
or
( ) 1 ,
2
9
,
(
\
|

2
9 -1
Solution1 =
Thus
Solution1 =
( ) 1 ,
2 1 < s x
II. For
2 1 2 3 > + x x
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 3 > + x x
2 1 3 6 > x x
2 4 5 > x
7 4 > x
7 4 s x
4
7
s x
(
\
|

4
7
,
or
Solution2 =
| ) 2 , 1
4
7
,
(
\
|

-1 2
4
7
thus
Solution2 =
(
4
7
, 1
Contoh : Menentukan Himpunan
Penyelesaian
2 > x
2 1 2 3 > + x x
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 3 > + x x
2 1 6 3 > x x
2 7 2 > x
5 2 > x
III. For
2
5
> x |
.
|
,
2
5
or
Contoh : Menentukan Himpunan
Penyelesaian
Solution3 =
| )
|
.
|
, 2 ,
2
5
2
2
5
thus
Solution3 =
|
.
|
,
2
5
Solution =
solution1 solution2 solution3
( )
7 5
, 1 1, ,
4 2
( |
=
|
(
.
7 5
, ,
4 2
( |
=
|
(
.
Problem
6. 2 3 4 5 x x + > +
Solve
5. 2 3 2 3 x x + s
2
1. 1
4 2
x
x
x
+
>
2
2 1
2.
3
x x
x
x
+
s
+
9. 3 2 x x + s
4
7. 1 1
x
+ <
2 1
8. 3
5
x
x
s
+
2
10.
1 1
x x
x x
s
+
2
5
3. 1
2
x x + >
2
4. 2 3 0 x x + + >

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