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GERMAN-MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE
AC ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Group member : Syed Ahmad Destar bin Syed Mohd Aziz
Sheratul Ashikin
OVERVIEW
WHAT IS AC ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR?
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The speed and the torque control in various types of AC induction motors
The simplest and most rugged electric motor and consists of two basic electrical assemblies:
the stator the rotor
Asynchronous motor
Applying Flemings right hand rule, the direction of emf induce in the rotor will be towards the observer.
As the rotor conductors have a closed electric path, due to their shorting, a current will flow through them as in a short circuited secondary of a transformer.
The magnetic field produced by the rotor currents will be in a counter clockwise direction according to Maxwell Corkscrew rule.
The interaction between the stator magnetic field and the rotor magnetic fields results in a force to move the rotor in the same action as that of the rotating magnetic field of the stator The rotor attains a speed equal to the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of the stator, there be relative motion between the stator field and the rotor , no induced emf or current and not be any torque in the rotor.
The rotor follows the stator field in the same direction by rotating at a speed lesser than the synchronous speed of the stator rotating. As the motor is loaded, the rotor speed has to fall to cope up with the mechanical force :thereby the relative speed increased and the induced emf and current increase in the rotor resulting in an increased torque.
To reverse the direction of rotation of the stator as well as the rotor, the phase sequence of the supply is to be changed by changing any two leads connected to the stator.
The principle of operation for all three-phase motors is dependant on the presence of a rotating magnetic field in the stator. There are three factors that cause the magnetic field to rotate.
1.The voltages of the three-phase system are 120 out of phase with each other; 2.The three voltages change polarity at regular intervals; and 3. The arrangement of the stator windings around the inside of the motor.
We have two major types of rotor construction: Squirrel cage induction motors Slip ring induction motors.
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
The speed at which the magnetic field rotates is known as the synchronous speed. Methods of speed control By variation of frequency By variation of pole
Ns = 120f P
ROTOR SPEED
The induced rotor voltage UR is proportional to the slip s. In the stopped position, it peaks at n = 1 and s = 1 This fact is confirmed in real-life applications by the high starting current (starting current inrush). The torque also peaks during the stop period at a certain rotor resistance. This behavior can be modified by design variation. However the rotor resistance is not usually used for this purpose. The following formula applies to the rotor speed:
TORQUE
The torque of a motor is the measure of its turning ability (i.e. the traction force multiplied by the radius at which it operates). If this force is referred to as F and the radius of the pulley r, then the torque M of the motor is given by:
Equation: T = FR
Where: T = Torque, lb-ft F = Force, lb R = Radius, or distance which force is applied from pivot location, ft
SLIP, S
The
rotor speed of an Induction machine is different from the speed of Rotating magnetic field. The % difference of the speed is called slip.
ns nr ns
OR
nr ns (1 s )
Where;
ns = synchronous speed (rpm) nr = mechanical speed of rotor (rpm) under normal operating conditions, s= 0.01 ~ 0.05, which is very small and the actual speed is very close to synchronous speed. Note that : s is not negligible
The external resistance is slowly reduced, the motor operates with low slip and high operating efficiency
By Increasing rotor resistance, the motors slip will be greater, the speed regulation poorer and it will have low efficiency The design of external resistance varied to change the speed of the slipring motor between 50 to 100 percent of the rated speed. The I2R loss in the rotor due to increased resistance is inevitable.
compressor
Dahlender
35
The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth. The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged perpendicularly. One is the main and
Main winding
+ +
Bars
_ _
Starting winding
Ring to short circuit the bars
UNIVERSAL MOTOR
The operation of a universal motor is much like a series dc motor. Force is created on the armature conductors due to the interaction between the mian field flux The flux created by the current carring armature conductor. Develops unidirectional torque regardless of whether it operated on AC or DC supply
o In AC operation, both field armature currents change their polarities and resulting unidirectional torque.
o Change the rotation of the motor by reversing the flow of current through either the armature or the field windings.
CHARACTERISTICS
The speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the load.(eg; low at full load) The speed reaches a dangerously high value due to low field flux at no load. Are connected with permanent load or gear trains to avoiding high speeds.
EXPERIMENTS
APPLICATIONS
Vacuum cleaner
REPULSION MOTORS
Figure above show a two pole motor with its magnetic axis vertical. The armature have a commutator which is short circuited through the brushes that placed in the magnetic field. The stator winding connected to AC supply, it produces an alternating magnetic field. A voltage is induced in rotor conductors by the transformer action.
An induced current flows in a direction to create a magnetic field which will counteract the change in magnetic flux. or
An induced electromagnetic force generates a current that induces a counter magnetic field that opposes the magnetic field generating the current.
Created a north pole at the top just below the stator north pole, and a south pole at the bottom just at the top of the stator south pole to oppose the induction action. No torque developed due to the absence of the tangential component of the torque
CHARACTERISTIC
the current in the starting winding due to its capacitor will lead the applied voltage and line current in very small. This result in producing a higher power factor and an excellent starting toque, several times higher than the normal running torque. The running torque adjusts itself with load by varying inversely with respect to speed
APPLICATION
Due to the excellent starting torque and easy direction-reversal characteristic. These machines are used in balted fans, blowers, dryers, washing machines, pumps and compressors.
excellent starting torque. About 300% of the full load torque, power factor starting is high, When its running torque is not good, power factor is low. Lesser efficiency
CHARACTERISTIC
The
starting torque is 300% of the full load torque The starting current is low , say 2 to 3 times of the running current Highly efficient running Extremely noiseless operation Starting and running P.F are good Load up to 125% of the full-load capaciy
APPLICATION