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TELECOMMUNICATION I EEE 211

Kwadwo Ntiamoah-Sarpong

cowaves@yahoo.com

OVERVIEW
Unit 1 Introduction to Telecommunications

Unit 2
Unit 3

Wave Propagation
Amplitude Modulation (AM )

Unit 4
Unit 5 Unit 6

Frequency Modulation (FM )

Transmission Lines Communication Networks
16 March 2012

Unit 1

Introduction to Telecommunications
Introduction
Section 1 Section 2 Principles of Telecommunication Electronic Communications Systems

Section 3
Section 4

Landmarks in the History of Telecommunications

Noise in Communication Systems

Section 5
Section 6

Noise Designation and Calculation

Bandwidth and Information Capacity
16 March 2012

Assignment 1

Unit Summary

Unit 2
Introduction
Section 1 Section 2

Wave Propagation

Electrical to Electromagnetic Conversion Electromagnetic Waves

Section 3
Section 4

Waves Not in Free Space

Ground Waves and Space Wave Propagation

Section 5
Section 6

Sky-Wave Propagation
Satellite Communication
16 March 2012

Assignment 2

Unit Summary

Unit 3
Introduction
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6

Amplitude Modulation

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Fundamentals Percentage Modulation Amplitude Modulation Analysis Amplitude Modulator Transmitter Systems Super heterodyne Receiver
Single & Double Side-Band Transmissions
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Assignment 3

16 March 2012

Unit 4
Introduction
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4

Frequency Modulation

Fundamentals of Frequency Modulation (FM) Angle Modulation Frequency Modulation Analysis Frequency Modulation Transmissions

Section 5
Section 6

Radio Frequency (RF) Amplifiers

Frequency Modulation Receivers
16 March 2012

Assignment 4

Unit Summary

Unit 5
Introduction
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6

Transmission Lines

Types of Transmission Lines Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Lines Propagation of a Signal along a Line Matched and Mismatched Transmission Line Standing Wave Ratio The Smith Chart
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Assignment 5

16 March 2012

Unit 6
Introduction Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

Communication Networks

Basic Telephone Operation Multiplexing Techniques Modems

Section 4
Section 5 Section 6

Cellular Telephone
Computer Networks Local Area Networks

Assignment 6
Unit Summary Course Summary & References
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EEE 211 Course Overview

You are warmly welcome to this introductory course on telecommunications. Many students get excited upon hearing the word telecommunications and quickly relate it to the telephone, MTN, Vodafone, Tigo and also satellite TV, Multi-TV, DsTV , etc. In fact telecommunication is simply the transmission of information over significant distances.

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Course Overview (cont)

In earlier times, telecommunication involved the use of visual signals such as smoke signals, signal flags, or audio messages through coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns or sent by loud whistles. The invention of the battery and the discovery of the magnetic effect of an electric current led to the development of telegraphy and then telephone systems.

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Course Overview (cont)

In the modern age of electricity and electronics, telecommunications now also includes the use of electrical devices such as mobile phones and fax machines. The use of radio and microwave communication as well as copper and fiber optics and their associated electronics, the use of orbiting satellites and the internet.
Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society.

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Course Overview (cont)

But you need not be a highly knowledgeable person in electronics to appreciate the principles and application of telecommunications. Your first duty is discipline, followed by persistence and constant practice. In order to understand this topic better, try to practice it daily for at least one hour and success will crown your effort. Also as a lecturer in the subject for many years, I have come to realize that gradual approach to the subject makes it interesting and well liked by past students. I intend to use the same gradual approach with you.
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Course Overview (cont)

In this course you will learn about the main concepts in telecommunications, wave characteristics and propagation in free space and media, various modulation techniques with emphasis on amplitude and frequency modulation, transmission lines and communication networks. You must also remember that this is an introductory course in communication systems, which you need a solid foundation in as a prerequisite to Advanced telecommunication.

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Course Overview (cont)

The course is divided into the following six (6) Units. Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Introduction to Telecommunications Wave Propagation Amplitude Modulation Frequency Modulation

Unit 5
Unit 6

Transmission Lines
Communication Networks
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Course Objectives

By the end of this course, you should be able to:

Describe a basic communication system and explain the concept of modulation

Explain the makeup of an electromagnetic wave and the characteristics of an isotropic point source
Explain the fundamental concepts of Amplitude Modulation Analyze an FM signal with respect to modulation index, sidebands, and power
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Objectives (cont)

Describe the physical characteristics of standard transmission lines and calculate its characteristic impedance List the various networks encountered in digital and analogue communications

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Unit 1

Introduction to Telecommunications

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5

Principles of Telecommunication Electronic Communications Systems Milestones in the History of Telecommunications Noise Noise Designation and Measurement

Section 6

Bandwidth and Information Capacity

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Introduction

I warmly welcome you to this unit on introduction to telecommunications. This unit presents an overview of communication systems that have been developed to overcome the constraints of physical communication. It is an interesting topic to study because you are already applying telecommunication in your daily activities. In this unit the basic concepts of communication systems will be introduced.

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Objectives

By the end of unit 1, you should be able to Understand the basic principles of telecommunication Draw and label the basic building blocks of an electronic communication system

List four (4) milestones in the history of telecommunications

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Objectives (cont )

Define electrical noise and list three (3) types of noise Describe at least two (2) techniques for making noise measurements

Relate information capacity to bandwidth

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Section 1

Principles
of Telecommunication

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Introduction

Welcome you to this section on principles of telecommunication. It is an interesting topic to study. Those of you who read integrated science at the High school level, know about electricity, electromagnetism and also ICT. Telecommunication is all that combined. The rapid development in communication systems for the past ten (10) years, linking the entire globe and now outer space has stimulated a bursting growth of complex economic and social activities.

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Introduction (cont)
Many people refer to this age as the age of communications. Have you heard about Facebook? Are you on Facebook? These are common imaginations that will help you appreciate this section.

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Objectives
By the end of this section, you should be able to Tell the Significance of Human Communication Understand the basic principles of telecommunication List the main components of a Communication Systems Identify the types of Electronic Communication Define Modulation and Multiplexing

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Define Bandwidth Give examples of Telecommunication Applications
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What is the Significance of Human Communication?

Communication is the process of exchanging information. However the Main barriers are language and distance. The various methods of communication include face to face, signals, written word (letters), telegraph, telephone, radio, television and the internet (computer)

List the two main barriers to communication

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What is Telecommunications?

Telecommunication is any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sound or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical (light) or other electromagnetic systems (ITU 1989).

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What are the main components in a communication system?

The three Basic components of a communication system are as follows

Transmitter (sender)
Channel or medium (copper wire, radio, optical fiber ) Receiver Information Transmitter Channel Receiver Recovered Information The transmitter is a collection of electronic components and circuits designed to convert the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a given communication medium.
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Cont:

The communication channel is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one place to another. A receiver is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back into a form understandable by humans.

29 16 March 2012 List the three main components in a communication system.

Methods of electronic communication

The three main methods of electronic communication are known as the simplex, half-duplex and full duplex. The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as simplex. This type of communication is one-way. Examples are listening to the morning news on radio (Fm stations) and TV broadcasting.

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Methods of electronic communication (cont)

Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as duplex. When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called full duplex. The mobile phone is an example of this type of communication. The form of two-way communication in which only one party transmits at a time is known as half duplex. Examples are Police, military, etc. radio transmissions, popularly known as walkie-talkie.

List two examples of full duplex communication

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Modulation
Basic to the field of communications is the concept of modulation. Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high-frequency carrier for transmission. In essence, then, the transmission takes place at the high frequency (the carrier) which has been modified. At this point you may be thinking, why bother to go this modulation process. Why not just transmit the information directly.

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Modulation (cont)

The problem is that the frequency of the human voice ranges from about 20 to 3000Hz. If anyone transmitted theses frequencies directly into radio waves, interference would cause all of them to be ineffective. Another limitation of equal importance is the virtual impossibility of transmitting such low frequencies since the required antennas for antenna propagation would be miles long. Hence modulation is the solution.
What is carrier frequency?
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequencies is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum extends from low frequencies used for modern radio to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength end, covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom. The long wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum (cont)

Fig 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum

(ITU 1990)

35 16 March List one application of microwaves and x-rays you know 2012

Electromagnetic Spectrum (cont)

Frequency can be defined as the number of cycles of a repetitive wave that occur in a given period of time. A cycle consists of two voltage polarity reversals, current reversals, or electromagnetic field oscillations. Frequency is measured in cycles per second. The unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz). Wavelength is defined as the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually expressed in meters. Wavelength is also the distance traveled by an electromagnetic wave during the time of one cycle. The wavelength of a signal is represented by the Greek letter lambda ().
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What is Bandwidth?

Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a signal. Channel Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired information. In Ghana, bandwidth management is provided by the National Communication Authority (NCA) to control spectrum use.
State the bandwidth for the microwave signal in fig 1.
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Applications of Telecommunications
There are many applications of telecommunications, it includes among others AM and FM broadcasting, TV broadcasting, cable television, facsimile, wireless remote control, navigation and direction-finding services, telemetry, radio astronomy, surveillance, mobile phones, data communication, local area networks (LANs) and the internet.

Identify four applications of telecommunication in your community

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Transmission media and products

List any four (4) of the above media or product you have seen 39 16 March 2012

Summary
Communication is the process of exchanging information and telecommunication is simply the transmission of information over significant distances. The three Basic components of a communication system are, transmitter channel, and receiver. Modulation is the process of putting information onto a highfrequency carrier for transmission There are many applications of telecommunications, it includes among others AM and FM broadcasting, TV broadcasting.

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Self Assessment Questions

Define modulation What is carrier frequency

Describe the two reasons that modulation is used for communication transmission

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