Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Protections:
lacquer, silicone or acrylate coating applied outside the cladding to seal and preserve the fibers strength
-buffer jacket provides cable additional protection against abrasion and shock used steel, fiberglass, plastic, flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride (FR-PVC), Kevlar yarn, and paper -materials commonly used to strengthen and protect fibers from abrasion and environmental stress
strength member increases the tensile strength of the over-all cable assembly
2. Glass core with plastic cladding (PCS fiber [plastic-clad silica]) lesser attenuation than plastic fibers slightly better than plastic core & cladding less affected by radiation more immune to external interference
3. Glass core and glass cladding (called SCS [silica-clad silica]) best propagation characteristics easier to terminate than PCS fibers least rugged more susceptible to increases in attenuation when exposed to radiation.
B. Cable Configurations
Loose tube construction each fiber is contained in a protective tube Inside the tube a polyurethane compound encapsules the fiber and prevents the intrusion of water Stress corrosion or static fatigue can result if the glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high humidity. Silicon dioxide crystals interact with the moisture and cause bonds to break down, casuing spontaneous fractures to from over prolonged period
oSorrounding the fiber are a primary and a secondary buffer comprised of oKevlar yarn which Increases the tensile strength of the cable and provides protection from external mechanical influences that could cause fiber breakage or excessive otpical attenuation.
oPolyurethane prevents moisture from coming into contact with the fiber core
Multiple strand cable configuration includes steel central member and a layer of Mylar tape wrap to increase the cables tensile strength.
Telephone cable
Plastic-silica cable
Materials used to strengthen and protect fibers: steel fiberglass plastic FR-PVC (Flame-retardant polyvinyl chloride) Kevlar yarn paper
2. Light Propagation
A. Physics of Light
b. Optical Power
Photometry science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the human eye light intensity is described in terms of luminous flux density, lumens/A Radiometry measures light throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum measures optical power as the rate at which electromagnetic waves transfer light energy -generally used with light sources with output powers ranging from tens of micrwatts to more than 100 milliwatts optical power flow of light energy past a given point in a specified time - sometimes called radiant flux ( )
C. Velocity of Propagation
Refraction of light waves
refract towards the normal (imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface of the two materials at the point of incidence)
from less dense to more dense material
refract away from the normal from more dense to less dense material
violet wavelengths are refracted the most while the red is the least prismatic refraction spectral separation of white light rainbow occurrence as water droplets acting as prism refractive index the ratio of the velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of light ray in a given material
Critical Angle minimum angle of incidence at which a light ray may strike the interface of two media and result in an angle of refraction of or greater. light ray must travel from a medium of higher refractive index to a lower refractive index (i.e. glass into cladding)
Advantages: i. minimum dispersion - less loss ii. higher bandwidth higher information rate Disadvantages: i. Difficult to couple light into and out ii. need highly directive light source such as laser iii. expensive and difficult to manufacture
Advantages: i. inexpensive and simple to manufacture ii. easier to couple light into and out Disadvantages: i. more distortion - more losses ii. less bandwidth less information rate
Advantages and disadvantages: i. easier to couple light compared to single-mode stepindex but difficult compared to multimode step-index ii. more loss than single-mode but less loss than multimode step-index
Kinds of Losses:
1. Absorption Loss analogous to power dissipation in copper cables Caused by impurities in the fiber that absorb the light and convert it to heat Causes of Absorption Loss:
Ultraviolet absorption caused by valence electrons in the silica material from which fibers are manufactured (ionization) Infrared absorption photons of light are absorbed by the atoms of the glass core molecules Ion resonance absorption caused by (water molecules trapped in the glass during manufacture) ions in the material as well as iron, copper and chromium molecules.
4. Radiation Loss
caused by small bends and kinks in the fiber two types of bends:
microbends occurs as a result in the differences in the thermal contraction rates between the core and the cladding material constant-radius bends caused by excessive pressure and tension and generally occur when fibers are bent during handling or installation
5. Modal Dispersion
sometimes called pulse spreading caused by the difference in the propagation times of light rays that take different paths down a fiber occur only in multimode fibers reduced using graded-index fibers
Dispersion is expressed in: BLP Bandwidth Length Product (linewidth) Or BDP Bandwidth Distance Product
indicates what signal frequencies can be propagated through a given distance of fiber cable as the distance of the fiber increases, the bandwidth decreases
6. Coupling Losses - caused by imperfect physical connections - can occur at light source-to-fiber connections, fiber-to-fiber connections and fiber-to-photodetector connections. - caused by lateral misalignment, gap misalignment, angular misalignment and imperfect surface finishes