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Tertiary structure of protein

Globular protein

Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of the Cell

What are enzymes?


Proteins synthesised by living organisms. Biological catalysts change the speed of biochemical reactions while remaining unchanged themselves by the reaction.

Do you know????
Enzymes are needed in life processes.

Why
Enzymes regulate the speed of many chemical reactions that are involved in the metabolism of living organisms.

Metabolism consists of: 1. Anabolism - synthesis of new substances that are necessary for life. 2. Catabolism - breaking down of substances to produce energy for work.

General characteristics of enzymes


1. They speed up the rate of biochemical reactions in cells. 2. Are not destroyed in the reactions they catalyse. 3. Are very specific (each class of enzyme will catalyze only one particular reaction). 4. Only a small amount is needed to catalyze a lot of substrate.

5. Most enzyme-catalysed reactions are reversible. X+Y enzyme (substrates) Z (products)

6. Enzyme function is affected by inhibitors. 7. Some enzymes require cofactors to function. 8. The functions of enzymes are affected by changes in temperature and pH.

Naming of enzymes
An enzyme is named according to the name of the substrate it catalyses. Add the suffix ase at the end of the name of their substrates. For example:
Substrate Lactose Sucrose Enzyme Lactase Sucrase

Lipid

Lipase

Where enzymes are synthesised?


Sites of enzyme synthesis Ribosomes

Why?
Because enzymes are proteins.

How?
Information (synthesis of enzymes) carried by DNA different sequence of bases in DNA are codes to makes different proteins form specific enzymes.

Intracellular and extracellular enzymes


Enzymes are synthesised by specific cells. 1. Intracellular enzymes - Enzymes which are synthesised and retained in the cell for the use of the cell itself. - found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. - eg: oxidoreductase catalyses biological oxidation and reduction in the mitochondria.

2. Extracellular enzymes - Enzymes which are synthesised in the cell but secreted from the cell to work externally. - eg: digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas transported to duodenum

Synthesis of extracellular enzymes

Mechanism of enzyme action


Lock-and-Key Hypothesis:

Factors affecting enzyme activity


1. 2. 3. 4. Temperature pH Substrate concentration Enzyme concentration

Temperature

pH

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

Substrate concentration becomes a limiting factors

Uses of enzymes in daily life & industry


Detergents Amylases, lipases Meat tenderizers Proteases (papain and bromelain)

Paper industry
Cellulases, Amylases

Substrate Concentration

pH

CONCLUSION

enzymes

Characteristics

Mechanism

Factors affecting activity

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