DR . HIRA RAZA B.D.

CHEMICAL NAME: Gypsum : Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate Gypsum Products : Calcium Sulphate Hemihydrate

MAIN USES OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS: 1. Cast and Dies Diagnostic/Study Cast made with Dental Plaster Master Cast made with Dental Stone

2. Investment: Gypsum bonded materials for investment of gold casting alloys[inlays,crowns,CPD] 3. Impression of flabby ridge

Type 1 Dental Plaster [Impression]

Type 2 Dental Plaster [Cast] Type 4 Dental Stone [Die, high strength, low expansion]

Type 3 Dental Stone [Die, Cast]

Type 5 Dental Stone

[Die, high strength, high expansion]

Dimensional stability during and after setting

Fluid at the time of pouring fine details Low contact angle facilitates surface wetting which minimizes surface voids Strong: resistant to fracture

Hard: resistant to abrasion by carving

DENTAL PLASTER PLASTER OF PARIS gypsum heated at 120 C [Calcination]

DENTAL STONE

STONEheated at 125C under Gypsum

steam pressure in autoclave OR Boiled in salt solution in a salt solution Regular and less porous particles Alpha Hemihydrate Addition of dye W/P Ratio: 0.3

Irregular and porous particles

Beta Hemihydrate White W/P Ratio: 0.55 Reason?

Soft
Setting time: 5 min Uses: Study Cast Mounting cast on articulator

Hard and less brittle

Setting time: 15-20 min Uses: Master Cast for fabrication of Prosthesis and Orthodontic appliances

MANIPULATION/SPATULATION: Water in a clean rubber/plastic bowl Add powder in water over 10 sec Allow to soak for 20 sec Mixing done in circular motion over 60 sec with a round edged stiff spatula Tap or place the bowl on vibrator to let the air escape

MAKING CAST FROM AN ALGINATE IMPRESSION After mixing, place Impression tray on vibrator with only handle touching the vibrator First increment of cast material poured at the end distal away from you Allow it to be vibrated around the arch Continue adding on distal side. Each portion added pushes mass ahead and prevents air entrapment. Any excess water is expelled from opposite side When all teeth have been poured, add plaster in large portions wrap the impression and cast with wet paper to prevent loss of water for crystallisation of gypsum After initial setting, the hardened stone is inverted onto soft stone Separate after 30 minutes Trim to orthodontic specification

Plaster/Stone + Water

Calcium Sulphate dihydrate

Setting accompanied by production of heat expansion[ ranging from 0.15%- 0.3%] Initial Setting: marked by increase in viscosity possible to carve away excess at this stage
Final Setting: Hard : can not be carved although strength keeps increasing over time

Controlling factors:
1. 2. 3.

Setting accelerated by Nucleating agents like unconverted gypsum[CaSO4 dihydrate],Anhydrite and KS04/ salt Decreasing W/P ratio Increasing mixing time: breaks the set dihydrate crystals into nuclei of crytallisation Setting delayed by Borax[retarder] Increasing W/P ratio

1.

2.

Increasing Temperature accelerates the dissolution of hemihydrate but retards crystallisation = Effect nullified. Accelerators or retarders also act as anti-expansion agents What does it mean??

Accuracy in reproducing surface details both directly and from impressions.

Dimensionally stable Rigid : resistant to deformation during work Resistance to abrasion is low
RESIN REINFORCED GYPSUM

Hardness and strength of stone is greater than plaster.

Strength keeps increasing over few hours. Brittle : most fractures are through teeth-the weakest part of model Poor impact strength : fractures if dropped

Set plaster is slightly soluble in hot water. Therefore during boiling out of denture mould surface layer dissolves leaving the surface rough

1. SOFT CHALKY SURFACE Delay in separation [ >30-45 minutes] Water in deep parts of impression Absorption of water by dehydrating impression Wrap the impression and stone in wet towel OR place in humidor until initial set Borax or exudate from alginate impression retards setting Pretreat with KSO4 and pour immediately 2. ROUGH CAST SURFACE Water in impression when casts were poured Grainy mix of impression material 3. VOIDS Trapping of air due to Insufficient vibration Water in impression when cast was poured 4. ELONGATED TEETH Movement of impression when gelation was complete 5. BROKEN TEETH Delay in separation or careless separation 6. BUBBLES ON PALATE AND OCCLUSAL SURFACES Blow holes in impression

1.

FAULTS IN IMPRESSION dimensional changes detachment impression moved during setting DISTORTION OF IMPRESSION BY VIBRATOR only the handle of tray should touch the vibrator THICK MIX OF STONE/ POURING WITH STONE THAT HAS STARTED TO SET IMPRESSION INVERTED IMMEDIATELY AFTER POURING soft unset stone will slump away from impression

2.

3.

4.

Other Cast Materials Resin, Amalgam,Cements Rarely used: Accurate but expensive and less stable