A review on

ADSORPTION OF LEAD, ZINC AND CADMIUM IONS ON POLYPHOSPHATEMODIFIED KAOLINITE CLAY

Mohammad W. Amer1, Fawwaz I. Khalili1 and Akl M. Awwad2 1Department of Chemistry, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan. 2Industrial Chemistry Center, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan. Accepted 9 November, 2009

by Jean Audrey E. Aquinde MS Environmental Engineering

DENR Administrative Order 35: Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards

Treatment options for high toxicity WW

1. Chemical precipitation 2. Solvent extraction

leach solution is mixed with an immiscible organic solvent so the desired metal ion in aqueous phase is transferred to organic phase The two phases are then allowed to separate. The process is then reversed by contacting the loaded organic phase with an aqueous (strip) solution that transfers the desired metal ion back out of the organic. The aqueous phase obtained is a pure and concentrated solution suitable for metal recovery while the stripped organic phase is suitable for recycle.

Treatment options for high toxicity WW

3. Reverse osmosis

4. Adsorption
economical versatile and simple applicable for very low concentration of heavy metals suitable for using batch and continuous processes

Adsorption
process in which matter is extracted from one phase and

concentrated at the surface of a second phase PHASE I PHASE 2

The reverse process of adsorption, i.e. the process in which adsorbed molecules escape from solid surfaces, is called Desorption.

Types of Adsorption
1. Lack of solvent-solute interactions hydrophobicity surfactants 2. Specific solid-solute interaction Exchange adsorption: S-Na+ + Ni 2+ ' S-Ni 2+ + Na+ Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption

Kaolinite 1:1
Limited isomorphous substitution in octahedra (Al3+ for Si4+ ) CEC = 3-15meq/100g of clay SSA = 10-20 m/g Non-expansible Adsorption is typically on external surfaces and edges

Na+

O H

+
Slightly Negative

Modification of kaolinite using sodium polyphospate (SPP)

Polyphosphate
 commercial dispersant  increases dispersion of clay on aqueous system  improves adsorption by enhancing the exposure of

available sites

Adsorption Equilibria
If the adsorbent and adsorbate are contacted long

enough, an equilibrium will be established between the amount of adsorbate adsorbed and the amount of adsorbate in solution. Early Later
Laminar Boundary Layer

Adsorbed Molecule Diffusing Molecule

Equilibrium

Adsorption isotherms on solid surface

Commonly reported isotherm models

Langmuir

Freundlich

qe = mass of material adsorbed (at equilibrium) per mass of adsorbent K = constant related to the energy of adsorption Ce = equilibrium concentration in solution when amount adsorbed equals qe Qa = maximum adsorption capacity n, KF - system specific constants

Langmuir Isotherm

Objectives
evaluate the adsorption performance of locally modified

kaolinite clay for the removal of Pb (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II) from single aqueous solution.
explore the possibility of recycling the adsorbents and

recovery of metal resource.

Methodology
Modification of kaolinite clay Preparation of adsorbate

Adsorption experiment Establish working temperature and pH. Determine effect of contact time, adsorbent and adsorbate dose Desorption experiment

Legend: K kaolinite F feldspar H hematite Q quartz

Figure 1 . XRD of unmodified kaolinite clay

Figure2. FTIR spectra of a) unmodified kaolinite clay and b) SPP-modified kaolinite clay

Figure 3. Langmuir adsorption isotherms for Pb (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II) sorption by SPP-modified kaolinite clay. Table 1. Langmuir constants and correlation coefficient at different temperatures.

92.10 % 74.26 % 55.12 %

Figure 4. Effect of pH on adsorption capacity at temperature 35C.

Effect of adsorbate dose

Figure 5. Sorption isotherm of Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ion on SPP-modified kaolinite clay as a function of initial metal concentration at pH 5.0 and temperature 35C.

Effect of adsorbent dose

Figure 6. Variation in the sorption capacity and percent of adsorption versus the adsorption dose of SPP-kaolinite clay at pH 5.0 and temperature 35C.

Effect of contact time

Figure 7. Effect of contact time on the sorption of metal ions at pH 5.0 and temperature 35C.

Desorption study
The total loss amount of metal released from sorbents

varied from 2.0 - 4.0% only.

Conclusion
SPP-modified kaolinite clay was found to be very good

adsorbent for lead, zinc and cadmium from aqueous solutions.

The optimal pH for removal of metal ions by the SPP-

modified kaolinite clay is 5.0.

The adsorption of Pb, Zn and Cd to SPP-modified

kaolinite follows a monolayer dispersion as best modelled by Langmuir isotherm.

Order of metal binding capacity: Pb2+>Zn2+>Cd2+