Physical Layer

2IC10 Computer Networks
Physical layer
Igor Radovanovi
Thanks to B. A. Forouzan A. Tanenbaum
19/03/2012
Igor Radovanovic, i.radovanovic@tue.nl TU/e Computer Science, System Architecture and Networking
Physical layer
19/03/2012
Analog versus digital signals
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Fourier Coefficients
1 g (t ) an cos(2nft ) bn sin(2nft ) 2c n 1 n 1
2 an g (t ) sin(2nft)dt T 0 2 bn g (t ) cos(2nft)dt T 0 2 c g (t )dt T 0

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Fourier transformation
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Fourier transformation (cntd)
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Bandwidth
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Signal impairments
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Signal distortion
attenuation
distortion
noise
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Digital signal
QUESTION:
What is the bandwidth of this signal?
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Throughput
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Propagation time
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Wavelength
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Transmission media
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Twisted pair
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Twisted pair (cntd)
(a) Category 3 UTP (b) Category 5 UTP

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Using twisted pair cables in a network
Cat 3
Cat 3 or Cat 5
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Using twisted pair cables in a network (cntd)
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Twisted pair networks -example ADSL
Ethernet networks
- 10BASE-T - 100BASE-TX
- 1000BASE-T
- 1000BASE-TX (Cat5e (enhanced))
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Twisted pair - pros and cons Pros: easy to understand mass production - low cost most widely used medium Cons: prone to electromagnetic interference in power plants, airport buildings, military facilities, cars Note: In-building networks at our university are almost all twisted pair
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Transmission media
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Coax cable
Category RG-59 RG-58 RG-11

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Impedance 75 W 50 W 50 W
Use Cable TV Thin Ethernet Thick Ethernet

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Coax cable network - example -
10Base2 Ethernet
Note: Almost obsolete
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Coax cable network - example 2cable modem
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Transmission media
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Optical fiber fundamentals

Banding the light ray
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Optical fiber fundamentals
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Optical fiber fundamentals (cntd)
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Optical fiber fundamentals (cntd)
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Optical fiber network - example 1-
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Optical fiber network

-example 2-
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Optical fiber - pros and cons Pros: Low attenuation Large bandwidth Cons: Relatively new technology Expensive
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Comparing optical fiber to UTP

Pros: Immune to electro-magnetic interference
no crosstalk
Reduced need for error detection and correction Enables longer link distances Attenuation unaffected by transmission rate Easier network upgrade Can combine different services: telephony, TV, internet
Cons: Optical components have higher cost Expensive deploying protocols
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Comparing optical fiber to UTP
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Comparing coax to UTP
coax cable performance
UTP performance
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Wireless
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Politics of the electromagnetic spectrum
IEEE 802.11b (11Mb), (22Mb) IEEE 802.11g (54 Mb) Bluetooth
IEEE 802.11a (100 Mbps)
Industrial Scientific and Medical band (ISM)
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Bandwidth delivery capability by technology
http://www.pafiber.net/ftth/comm-benefits 19/03/2012
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Multiplexing
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Frequency Division Multiplexing
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing
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Time Division Multiplexing
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Inverse Time Division Multiplexing
Example: High-speed Ethernet networks
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TDM network
-exampleT1
high-speed digital network (1.544 Mbps) developed by AT&T in 1957 and implemented in the early 1960's supports long-haul voice transmission digitally representing analog telephone system
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TDM/FDM network
-exampleGSM phones
uplink
downlink
890MHz 915MHz 935MHz 960MHz
124
124
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Code Division Multiplexing

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
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Comparing different techniques

time time time
frequency
frequency
frequency
TDM
FDM
CDM
TDM: 802.11 CSMA/CA TDM/FDM: GSM CDM: UMTS
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Internet @ home
Dial-up ADLS Cable modem Fiber-to-the-Home?
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Modems
(a) A binary signal (b) Amplitude modulation

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(c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation

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Bit encoding (1)

Asynchronous data transmission
Used for character oriented devices large indeterminate intervals between characters receiver resynchronizes with sender on start and stop bits polarity of stop bit different from polarity of start bit
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Start bit Stop bit(s)
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Bit encoding (2)
(a) Binary encoding, (b) Manchester encoding, (c) Differential Manchester encoding.
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Modems (2)
(a) QPSK. (b) QAM-16. (c) QAM-64.

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ADSL
TDM/FDM Asymmetric higher bit-rate for downloading Use local loops (1.1 Mbps) Adapted data rate based on the conditions on the line
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ADSL (cntd)
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Cable modem
Hybrid Coax-Fiber system
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Cable modem (cntd)
Theoretical downstream data rate 30 Mbps, upstream - 12 Mbps
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Cable modem (cntd)
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Fiber-to-the-Home
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TDM in combination with WDM

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Fiber-to-the-Home (cntd)
Passive fiber networks Easy to upgrade No electrical powering Immune to lightening, EMI
What will happen to FTTH? Cost? Lifetime of telephone lines?
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Conclusions
Physical layer is the basis of all networks
limitations: attenuation and bandwidth
Transmission media: guided & unguided Multiplexing techniques introduced to increase bandwidth TDM; FDM; (WDM); CDM Broadband access: ADSL; Cable modem; FTTH?
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Physical Layer

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Physical Layer

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2IC10 Computer Networks

Thanks to B. A. Forouzan A. Tanenbaum

Analog versus digital signals

2 an g (t ) sin(2nft)dt T 0 2 bn g (t ) cos(2nft)dt T 0 2 c g (t )dt T 0

Fourier transformation (cntd)

Twisted pair (cntd)

(a) Category 3 UTP (b) Category 5 UTP

Using twisted pair cables in a network

Using twisted pair cables in a network (cntd)

Twisted pair networks -example ADSL

Category RG-59 RG-58 RG-11

Use Cable TV Thin Ethernet Thick Ethernet

Coax cable network - example -

Coax cable network - example 2cable modem

Optical fiber fundamentals

Optical fiber fundamentals

Optical fiber fundamentals (cntd)

Optical fiber fundamentals (cntd)

Optical fiber network - example 1-

Optical fiber network

Comparing optical fiber to UTP

Cons: Optical components have higher cost Expensive deploying protocols

Comparing optical fiber to UTP

Comparing coax to UTP

coax cable performance

Politics of the electromagnetic spectrum

IEEE 802.11b (11Mb), (22Mb) IEEE 802.11g (54 Mb) Bluetooth

IEEE 802.11a (100 Mbps)

Industrial Scientific and Medical band (ISM)

Bandwidth delivery capability by technology

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Time Division Multiplexing

Inverse Time Division Multiplexing

Example: High-speed Ethernet networks

Code Division Multiplexing

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Comparing different techniques

TDM: 802.11 CSMA/CA TDM/FDM: GSM CDM: UMTS

(a) A binary signal (b) Amplitude modulation

(c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation

Bit encoding (1)

Bit encoding (2)

(a) QPSK. (b) QAM-16. (c) QAM-64.

Hybrid Coax-Fiber system

Cable modem (cntd)

Theoretical downstream data rate 30 Mbps, upstream - 12 Mbps

Cable modem (cntd)

TDM in combination with WDM

What will happen to FTTH? Cost? Lifetime of telephone lines?

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