Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Navdeep K. Khehra
Earliest Plants
Algae Phytoplankton Lived
in the sea
Types of Plants
Avascular
Bryophytes nonseed vessels
plants
Tracheophytes
support
land plants AVASCULAR = very small 500 m.y.a. Must grow in moist environments Used for fuel (peat)
Reproduction in Bryophytes
Mosses
Asexual
reproduction
Tracheophytes
Vessels
XYLEM = transports water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves PHLOEM = transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant
Spores
produce spores
Horsetails (Sphenophyta)
Jointed
Ferns (Pterophyta)
400
Gymnosperms
Gymno
own food supply Protective coat against harsh conditions Some are designed for travel to new areas
Sporophytes produce:
MICROSPORE
MEGASPORE
Produce female gametophyte Produce ovule (makes archaegonia with egg cells)
Gymnosperm Reproduction
Pollen grains carried by wind Land on ovule, develop pollen tube Sperm move through tube to fertilize egg
Fertilized egg = ZYGOTE EMBRYO = young, diploid sporophyte plant COTYLEDONS = food storage for embryo, become first leaves
can live in very dry areas Fertilization does not require water Pollen has protective coat and food supply for sperm
tissues prevent drying out Ovule holds archaegonia and protects eggs from elements
Only one species today Ginkgo biloba Most lived 200 m.y.a.
Gnetum house plants Ephedra weight loss, allergies & asthma Welwitschia
Angiosperms
flower Sperm seed Extremely diverse All have seeds enclosed in fruit
Angio
Cambium
Any
Overall Structures
Roots Stems Leaves Flowers
[121]
Roots [124]
Absorb
Stems
Support
[123]
leaves & flowers Sometimes photosynthesis Transport (contain xylem & phloem) Types
herbaceous green & flexible Woody stiff, have cork layer, usually brown
Leaves
[119]
Cuticle = protection Stomata = gas exchange, water loss (transpiration) Epidermis = protection, color Mesophyll
Flowers
[131]
Pistils = female reproductive structures Stamens = male reproductive structures Complete flowers
Types of Angiosperms
[115]
Monocots Dicots mono = one di = two cot = seed leaf cot = seed leaf Approx. 60,000 Approx. 170,000 species species Flowers = multiples Flowers = multiples of 3 of 4 or 5 Leaf veins parallel Leaf veins branching
Plant Tropisms
Positive: plant moves toward stimulus Negative: plant moves away from stimulus Phototropism = light Gravitropism = gravity Thigmotropism = touch
(nastic movement direction does not matter)
Types:
Plant Hormones
Hormone chemical produced in one part of an organism that has an effect on a different part of the organism Types
Auxins regulate growth Gibberellins speeds growth, germination Abscisic acid dormancy, close stomata, stress Ethylene ripens fruit