Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objectives
After this session, students should:
Know circumstances when direct-reading devices are used Understand basic operating principles Recognize limitations of these methods
Introduction
Direct reading instruments are commonly used in industrial hygiene and safety situations.
Instantaneous indication of a contaminant.
Confined space entry Hot work Emergency response Datalogging Screening for potential overexposure Etc.
Sample Duration
Devices are available for short term "grab samples" or long duration monitoring.
Short term sampling is best for screening and for "safety" purposes.
Usually these instruments have a pump to draw air into the device to minimize response time.
Color Badges
Badges are passive dosimeters that change color to indicate a chemical exposure.
The earliest badges used lead acetate treated paper for hydrogens sulfide exposure.
H2S reacts with the indicator to form black PbS.
A variety of badges are available, usually for acutely toxic gases. Color badges are simple and easy to use, but they are subject to many of the factors listed above for detector tubes.
Color Badges
Other CGI instruments usually use a catalytic element These instruments display percent lower explosive limit (LEL).
100 %LEL is the lowest concentration of a gas or vapor that will support combustion in air.
Most instruments are now designed to "latch" in an alarm mode to prevent this problem.
Many CGIs also include electrochemical detectors for oxygen or toxic gases.
For confined space entry, etc. Usually at least three or more detectors
LEL, oxygen, and CO or H2S
Electrochemical Detectors
Electrochemical cells (sensors) detect specific gases
A chemical reaction creates an electrical current when the gas enters the cell. Electrochemical detectors must be calibrated frequently, and the sensors must be replaced periodically
Sensor life is decreased by dry conditions, exposure to air, etc.
Electrochemical detectors are getting smaller and sensors are lasting longer as the technology improves. Commonly measure CO, H2S and O2
Often with Multiple sensors (including LEL)
Photoionization Detectors
Photoionization detectors (PIDs) utilize ultraviolet light (UV)
Compounds in air ionized by light from a UV lamp PIDs are nonspecific
Any compound that is ionized by UV may be indicated.
PIDs are available with lamps of different energy to help differentiate between chemicals Commonly used on hazardous waste sites
Photoionization Detectors
Calibration
Generally calibrated for benzene or isobutylene
The user can correct instrument readings for other compounds
PID instruments display readings in parts per million, but this is accurate only if they have been properly calibrated. Some PID instruments allow the operator to select a specific compound to be measured.
These instruments use preprogramed response data to display ppm for that specific compound.
Photoionization Detectors
Particulate Monitors
Particle counting devices use laser technology and light scattering principles to count individual particles
Particle size counters determine particle size by measuring the amount of reflected light. The condensation nucleus counter detects smaller particles (0.02 um diameter) than other devices.
Alcohol vapor is condensed on the particles, causing them to become large enough to be detected