COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

(BEE-2)

BY ENGR. ASSAD YOUSUFZAI

Technical Graphics
The accurate representation of an object for technical and architectural purposes

The art and practice of creating technical graphics is called Engineering/Technical Drawing

TYPES OF TECHNICAL GRAPHICS

Two basic types of graphic representations:
Pictorial Representation include drawings & paintings of objects e.g. Murals of ancient Rome Textual Representation includes graphic symbols (languages except Chinese and Japanese) e.g. Alphabets, Numbers etc. Note: The best way to communicate is to combine both Pictorial and Textual (Language, Speech and Graphics)

Applications of Technical Graphics



Communicating concepts/ideas: A picture is worth more than a thousand words Technical drawing conveys information about an object from the designer to the manufacturer so that the concept from someones head be actualized Need graphic communication in design cycle A new concept/idea must be properly communicated through graphic representation for all those involved in the development process.

Visualization


Technical Graphics help easier visualization e.g. I need you to design a baby a baby doll. Imagine the following specifications
1. Baby girl 2. Blue eyes 3. Red sleeveless shirt 4. Laughing 5. Both arms raised upwards etc. Make a Picture in your mind and remember that....

Did you imagine that I want this..?

Visualization


Similarly a new product being engineered goes through the process of Concept, Design, Analysis, Revisions (if required) and then implementation The person who first conceives the product needs technical drawing of it for others to visualize exactly what he thinks Labelled map is another example

Engineering Analysis


A product test at design stage is much costeffective than building the entire object and learning about the flaw after it is launched CAD allows product testing at design stage Observations are recorded for analysis and further enhancements/revisions

Documentation


A technical drawing of a product/object is a record document as other official documents about the product design. It includes
Bill of materials Special Notes Dates (revision tracks) Company name etc.

Elements of Technical Drawings



Conventions
Unwritten rules followed over a long period of time and adopted as standard part of drafting language Should be common and understood by all who read/use or create these drawings

Drawing Conventions


Title Block
Placed at the bottom-right corner Includes company name, logo, sheet number, product/part name and review details

Drawing Conventions


Drawing Layout
Appropriate (Standard) sheet size/standard templates (in CAD) Single Unit Measurement/Scale must be used throughout the drawing Any deviations must be clearly mentioned Bill of materials should appear at the right of the drawing area above the title block

Drawing Conventions


2D Modelling
Each drawing includes details of part and assembly drawings which are communicated through 2D drawings (Lettering)

Drawing Conventions


Part Details
Different views of the various parts are detailed with textual drawings for fabricator to understand what a particular part looks like. Part details include


Title, shape, size, material related info etc

Drawing Conventions


Assembly Drawing
Depict the total assembly of different parts of the complete product and the manufacturing process Shows which part fits where, how and the product can be assembled in what sequence (Numbered)

Drawing Conventions


Scaling
Enlarging/Reducing the real time measures to adjust into drawing space/area

Scaling Ratios
Full Scale Drawings (1:1) Reduced Scale Drawings (1:5) (Scaling Down) Enlarged Scale Drawings (5:1) (Scaling Up)

User Coordinate System (UCS)



Space around us is infinite Location of any object/point is defined relative to a reference point called origin One horizontal and one vertical lines are chosen as X,Y axis and their intersection is considered as origin of the Coordinate system AutoCad defines a default CS which might be changed if desired/required

Lines


Building block of technical graphics Used for drawing objects, lettering and dimensioning Characteristics of Lines
Thickness Continuity The style of discontinuity Colour Texture A combination of different characteristics represent different types of lines giving different meanings which have been standardized (ANSI, ISO) so that all the drafters speak the same language for better understanding

Types of Lines


Different types of lines improve readability of the drawing and help it communicate more effectively and efficiently Each line type has a unique syntax and application

Types of Lines


Visible Lines:
Most important Show basic shape and outline of an object (All other types show object details) Show its edges and define its surface boundaries Its THICK & CONTINOUS

Hidden Lines
Show those features of the product that are not directly visible Example of hole in a box Medium thickness dashed lines

Types of Lines


Dimension Lines
Show an objects length, breadth, height, radius, diameter and angle Continuous thin line with arrow heads or dashes at both the ends Conventions vary for dimension lines for various engineering disciplines

Section Fill Lines

Used to show section of an object been cut through to show additional/internal details Generally (if not showing material) these lines are thin, continuous, parallel, uniformly spaced and generally inclined at 45o(30o or 60o in some special cases) Line at the edges of the section lines is kept thicker for distinguishment purpose There are different international standards to use section lines to represent different materials

Types of Lines
Centre Line
Thin line consisting of alternating long and short dashes Start and end with long dashes Used to indicate the symmetry of an object They intersect at short dashes (& in best practice at the center e.g. Two center lines intersecting at right angle to each other depict the circular symmetry

Types of Lines


Cutting plane lines

Alternating long and short dashes but thick at the ends Having arrow-heads drawn at right angle (90o) at both the ends These lines show the cutting plane that is used to section/cut the object to view the internal hidden details Arrow head show the direction from which the section be viewed

Types of Lines


Break Lines
Short Break Lines


Thick freehand line to show irregular shape over short span of distance

Long Break Lines



Thin freehand zigzag line

Use: used to show an area or a portion of a part that has been removed to show hidden details, to limit a partial section or view and to eliminate repeated details

Types of Lines


Construction Lines
Faint lines (barely visible) used to construct objects graphics between two views One of the views/positions of the object may be shown be dotted lines These lines are usually not shown in final drawings Manual drafters mostly use special blue pencil thats not visible in final draft

Types of Lines


Extension Lines
Thin continuous line that does not touch the visible line/outline Use: to extend points or planes to indicate dimensional limits

Precedence of Lines


Technical drawings use variety of line types Different line types may coincide or appear behind one another For better visualization and understanding the following precedence rule be followed;

Visible lines takes precedence over all other types

Hidden Lines take precedence over center lines
Cutting plane lines take precedence over center lines