i s my tnh

Symbolic Integration
Presenter: Nguyn Qun

Outline
1.
2. 3.

4.

Definition Resultant Integrals of Logarithmic and Exponential Extension Definite Integration

Definition
1.

Let R be an integral domain and D:RR such that

D(f+g) = D(f) + D(g) D(f*g) = D(f)*g + f*D(g) D is called a differential operator

2.

If f and g R and D(f) = g f is an integral of g and f = g

3

Definition
1.
2. 3.

u = log(p) D(u) = D(p)/p u = exp(p) D(u)/u = D(p) u is called algebraic p(u) = 0 (p is a polynomial)

Resultant
1.

2.

Let f (x) R[x] and g(x) R[x] be univariate polynomials with real coefficients. We want to determine whether f and g have a common zero We know already one technique for solving the problem: Compute the GCD of f and g
5

Resultant
1.

2.

We will see an alternative technique the resultant calculus. In its basic form
Only tell us whether f and g have a common root Will not tell us how many common roots Will not give a description of the common roots
6

Resultant
1.

In this sense
Resultants are weaker than greatest common divisors They are stronger to give us information about common roots of multivariate polynomials

Resultant
1.

Given polynomials f, g k[x] of positive degree, form:

f = a0xm + + am , a0 0 g = b0xn + + bn , b0 0

2.

We create the matrix (m+n)*(m+n) as below, called Sylvester matrix or Syl(f,g,x)

8

Resultant

Resultant
1.

The resultant of f and g, denoted by Res(f,g,x), is the determinant of the Sylvester matrix
Res(f,g,x)=det(Syl(f,g,x))

2.

f and g have a common factor in k[x] if and only if Res(f,g,x)=0

10

Squarefree
1.

2.

a(x) is square-free if there does not exist another polynomial b(x) of degree bigger than 0 such that The squarefree factorization of f(x) is f(x) =Gk(x)k = g1(x)1 g2(x)2 gn(x)n GCD (gi , gk) =1
11

Logarithmic and Exponential Extension

1.

The algorithm
Hermite's method Rothstein-Trager Method

2.

Use these algorithm to calculate

Integrals of a Logarithmic Extension Integrals of an Exponential Extension

12

Hermite - Ostrogradsky's algorithm

1.

Let f, g Z[x] be nonzero polynomials

deg(g) = n deg(h) = m

13

Hermite - Ostrogradsky's algorithm

1. The result of the algorithm

14

Hermite - Ostrogradsky's algorithm

1.

Hermite reduction find a, b, c, d, h Q[x]

deg(a) < deg(b), deg(c) < deg(d) deg(b) + deg(d) <= n deg(h) <= m-n b is squarefree

15

Hermite - Ostrogradsky's algorithm

1.

In this formula
h the polynomial part of the integral c/d the rational part (a/b) the logarithm part

2.

In practice
b = g* : the squarefree part of g d = g/g* a, c, h are uniquely determined
16

Rothstein-Trager Theorem
1.

Suppose our integral is

A(), B(): polynomials with coefficients that can be rational functions of x deg A() <= deg B() B() is squarefree
17

Rothstein-Trager Theorem
1.

The Rothstein-Trager Theorem says

R(z) be the resultant of B() and A() z*(d B()/dx) with respect to 0 If all roots of R(z) are constants (r1, r2, , rn) and

We have
18

The Definite Integral

1.

We use the expression to find the area under a curve

F(x) is the integral of f(x) F(b) is the value of the integral at the upper limit, x = b F(a) is the value of the integral at the lower limit, x = a
19

2. 3.

4.

The Definite Integral

1.

2.

3.

This expression is called a definite integral It does not involve a constant of integration It gives us a definite value (a number) at the end of the calculation

20

The Definite Integral Apps

1.

2.

In physics, work is done when a force acting upon an object causes a displacement. (For example, riding a bicycle.) If F(x) is the variable force, to find the work done, we use

21

The Definite Integral Apps

1.

The average value of a function f(x) in the region x = a to x = b is given by

22

The Definite Integral Apps

1.

By using definite integral, we can find the length of an arc along a curve

23

References

http://www.apmaths.uwo.ca/~rcorless/AM563/NOTES /Nov_16_95/node8.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism http://math.rice.edu/~cbruun/vigre/vigreHW9.pdf http://www.intmath.com/integration/4-definiteintegral.php http://www.mecca.org/~halfacre/MATH/appint.htm

24

Questions and Answers

25

Thank you

26