Application of Nano robots in medicine

Presented by: Shilpa verma B.Tech (biotechnology) Jayoti Vidyapeeth Women s University, Jaipur

Introduction
Nanorobotics technology machines or is field the of robots emerging creating whose

components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10 9 meters). Nanorobots are nanodevices that will be used for the purpose of maintaining and protecting the human body against pathogens.

NANOMEDICINE
The application of nanotechnology to the field of medicine is commonly called as Nanomedicine. Nanomedicine is the process of
diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury , of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health.

Using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body.

Types of Nanorobots
Various forms of nanorobots are used in different field, but in medical field we use only three main types of Nanorobots: Respirocyte - An Artificial Oxygen Carrier Nanorobot; Microbivores - Nanorobots Artificial Phagocytes; Chromallocyte - Mobile Cell-Repair Nanorobot.

Components of nanorobots
Medicine cavity
A hollow section inside the nanorobot might hold small medicine or chemicals. The robot could release medication directly to the site of infection. doses injury of or

Probes, knives and chisels

To remove blockages and plaque, a nanorobot will need something to grab and break down material. They might also need a device to crush clots into very small pieces.

Microwave emitters and ultrasonic signal generators

To destroy cancerous cells, doctors need methods that will kill a cell without rupturing it. A ruptured cancer cell might release chemicals that could cause the cancer to spread further.

Electrodes
Two electrodes protruding from the nanorobot could kill cancer cells by generating an electric current, heating the cell up until it dies.

Powering of nanorobots
A nanorobot could use the patient's body heat to create power, but there would need to be a gradient of temperatures to manage it. Power generation would be a result of the Seebeck effect.

Mechanism of action of nanorobots

The scientists used the nanorobots small Brownian motions to find the target by random search. The nanorobots monitor for chemical conc significantly above the background level. After detecting the signal, a nanorobot estimates the conc gradient and moves toward higher conc until it reaches the target. Nanorobots at the target release another chemical, which others use as an additional guiding signal to the target. With these signal concentrations, only nanorobots passing within a few microns of the target are likely to detect the signal.

Applications
To cure skin diseases augment the immune system Devices working in the bloodstream Surgical aids new drug delivery solutions Implantable devices Diagnostic tools Repairing neurons Killing cancer cells Regenerating Tissues Super human powers

Cure skin diseases

To cure skin diseases, a cream containing nanorobots may be used:
It could remove the right amount of dead skin, remove excess oils, add missing oils, apply the right amounts of natural moisturising compounds, and even achieve the elusive goal of 'deep pore cleaning' .

The cream could be a smart material with smooth-on, peeloff convenience.

Augment the immune system

Medical nanodevices could augment the immune system by:
finding and disabling unwanted bacteria and viruses. When an invader is identified, it can be punctured, letting its contents spill out and ending its effectiveness. If the contents were known to be hazardous by themselves, then the immune machine could hold on to it long enough to dismantle it more completely.

Working in the bloodstream

Devices working in bloodstream could: the

nibble away at arteriosclerotic deposits, widening the affected blood vessels, restore artery walls and artery linings to health, This would prevent most heart attacks.

Surgical aids
1. Operating Tools: Medical devices that contain nano and micro technologies will allow surgeons to:
perform familiar tasks with greater precision and safety, monitor physiological and biomechanical parameters more accurately, and perform new tasks that are not currently done.

2. Surgical Robotics: Robotic surgical systems are being developed to provide surgeons with unprecedented control over precision instruments.

New drug delivery solutions

Nanotechnology can offer new drug delivery solutions in the following areas: 1. Drug Encapsulation- Drug encapsulation materials include:
liposomes and polymers (i.e. Polylactide (PLA) and Lactide-co-Glycolide (PLGA)) which are used as microscale particles.

2. Functional Drug Carriers- Nanotechnology offers interesting solutions is in the area of nanomaterjals that carry drugs to their destination sites and also have functional properties.

Implantable devices
Nanotechnology can new offer new implantable and/or wearable sensing technologies that provide continuous and extremely accurate medical information. e.g. 1. Retina Implants: Retinal implants are in development to restore vision by electrically stimulating functional neurons in the retina. 2. Cochlear Implants: A new generation of smaller and more powerful cochlear implants are intended to be more precise and offer greater sound quality.

Diagnostic tools
1. Genetic Testing- Nano and micro technologies provide new solutions for:
increasing the speed and accuracy of identifying genes and genetic materials for drug discovery and development, and treatment-linked disease diagnostics products.

2. Ultra-sensitive Labeling and Detection Technologies- Several new technologies are being developed to:
improve the ability to label and detect unknown target genes.

Repairing neurons
Application of magnetic nanotubes is a new way for treating and curing neurodegenerative diseases such as:
Alzheimer s disease and Parkinson s disease.

Killing cancer cells

It can be done with the help of a new method called trojan horse therapy,
therapy to combat cancer using bacterially derived nano cell that helps to penetrate and disarm the cancerous cells, after that a second nanocell is send to cancerous cells which kills it chemotherapy drugs.

Cancer patients are usually anemic. X-rays and many chemotherapeutic agents require oxygen to be maximally cytoxic, so boosting systemic oxygenation levels into the normal range using respirocytes might improve prognosis and treatment outcome.

Regenerating Tissues
Nanotechnology will be assisting the new anti aging drive. Nanobots can be injected into our body and these nanobots will be capable of repairing damaged and old tissues.

Super human powers

Nanobots fused with quantum computers will be intelligent enough to alter chemicals in our body which can manipulate our functions to convert our self into powerful human !

Transfusions & Perfusions

Respirocytes may be used as the active oxygen-carrying component of a universally transfusable blood substitute that is free of disease vectors such as:
hepatitis, venereal disease, malarial parasites or AIDS,

storable indefinitely and readily available with no need for cross-matching.

Treatment of Anemia
Oxygenating respirocytes offer complete or partial symptomatic treatment for virtually all forms of anemia.

Fetal and Child-Related Disorders

Respirocytes may be useful in perinatal medicine, as for example infusions of device suspension to treat:
fetal anemia (erythroblastosis fetalis), neonatal hemolytic disease.

Respiratory Diseases
The devices could provide an effective longterm drug-free symptomatic treatment for:
asthma, hemotoxic (pit viper) neurotoxic (coral) snake bites; hypoxia, stress polycythemia and lung disorders..

Respirocytes could also be used to treat conditions of:

low oxygen availability to nerve tissue advanced atherosclerotic narrowing of arteries, strokes, diseased or injured reticular formation in the medulla oblongata (controlling autonomic respiration).

Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Applications

Respirocyte perfusion could be useful in
maintaining tissue oxygenation during anesthesia, coronary angioplasty, organ transplantation, siamese-twin separation, other aggressive heart and brain surgical procedures, in postsurgical cardiac function recovery, and in cardiopulmonary bypass solutions.

Mouthwash
A mouthwash full of smart nanomachines could identify and destroy pathogenic bacteria while allowing the harmless flora of the mouth to flourish in a healthy ecosystem.

Future of the nanorobots

Nanomedicine will:
eliminate virtually all common diseases of the 20th century, virtually all medical pain and suffering, allow extension of human capabilities, especially our mental abilities.