Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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History of DNA
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History of DNA
Early scientists thought protein was the cells hereditary material because it was more complex than DNA Proteins were composed of 20 different amino acids in long polypeptide chains
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Transformation
Fred Griffith worked with virulent S and nonvirulent R strain Pneumoccocus bacteria He found that R strain could become virulent when it took in DNA from heat-killed S strain Study suggested that DNA was probably the genetic material
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Griffith Experiment
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History of DNA
Chromosomes are made of both DNA and protein Experiments on bacteriophage viruses by Hershey & Chase proved that DNA was the cells genetic material
Radioactive
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32P
Chargaffs Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine Guanine must pair with Cytosine The bases form weak hydrogen bonds
C
8
A
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DNA Structure
Rosalind Franklin took diffraction x-ray photographs of DNA crystals In the 1950s, Watson & Crick built the first model of DNA using Franklins x-rays
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Rosalind Franklin
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DNA Structure
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DNA
Two strands coiled called a double helix Sides made of a pentose sugar Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate (PO4) groups by phosphodiester bonds Center made of nitrogen bases bonded together by weak hydrogen bonds
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Legs of ladder
Helix
Most DNA has a right-hand twist with 10 base pairs in a complete turn Left twisted DNA is called Z-DNA or southpaw DNA Hot spots occur where right and left twisted DNA meet producing mutations
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DNA
Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of subunits called nucleotides Nucleotide made of: 1. Phosphate group 2. 5-carbon sugar 3. Nitrogenous base
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Phosphate Group O
DNA Nucleotide
5
O=P-O O
CH2 O N
C4
Sugar (deoxyribose)
C1 C3
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C2
Pentose Sugar
Carbons are numbered clockwise 1 to 5 5
CH2
O C4
Sugar (deoxyribose)
C1 C3 C2
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DNA
3
P
5 4
O
O
5 3
P
4
1 2
2 1
P
5
A
O
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Antiparallel Strands
One strand of DNA goes from 5 to 3 (sugars) The other strand is opposite in direction going 3 to 5 (sugars)
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Nitrogenous Bases
Double ring PURINES Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
A or G
Base-Pairings
Purines only pair with Pyrimidines Three hydrogen bonds required to bond Guanine & Cytosine
3 H-bonds
G
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C
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Question:
If there is 30% Adenine, how much Cytosine is present?
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Answer:
There would be 20% Cytosine
Adenine (30%) = Thymine (30%) Guanine (20%) = Cytosine (20%) Therefore, 60% A-T and 40% C-G
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DNA Replication
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Replication Facts
DNA has to be copied before a cell divides DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase New cells will need identical DNA strands
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G1
interphase
G2
Mitosis
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DNA Replication
Begins at Origins of Replication Two strands open forming Replication Forks (Y-shaped region) New strands grow at the forks
Replication Fork
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DNA Replication
As the 2 DNA strands open at the origin, Replication Bubbles form Prokaryotes (bacteria) have a single bubble Eukaryotic chromosomes have MANY bubbles
Bubbles Bubbles
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DNA Replication
Enzyme Helicase unwinds and separates the 2 DNA strands by breaking the weak hydrogen bonds Single-Strand Binding Proteins attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted
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DNA Replication
Enzyme Topoisomerase attaches to the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve stress on the DNA molecule as it separates
Enzyme Enzyme
DNA
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DNA Replication
Before new DNA strands can form, there must be RNA primers present to start the addition of new nucleotides Primase is the enzyme that synthesizes the RNA Primer DNA polymerase can then add the new nucleotides
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DNA Replication
DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3 end of the DNA This causes the NEW strand to be built in a 5 to 3 direction
5
RNA Primer
3 5
Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
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Phosphate Group
O O=P-O O
O
N C4 C1 C3 C2 copyright cmassengale
Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)
Sugar (deoxyribose)
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P
5 4
O
O
5 3
P
4
1 2
2 1
P
5
A
O
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Nucleotides
DNA Polymerase
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5 3
5 3
Leading Strand
3
5 3
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DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
Lagging Strand
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Okazaki Fragment
5
3
Lagging Strand
3
5
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Okazaki Fragment 1
Okazaki Fragment 2
Lagging Strand
5
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Replication of Strands
Replication Fork Point of Origin
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New DNA consists of 1 PARENTAL (original) and 1 NEW DNA Template strand of DNA
Parental DNA New DNA
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Question:
What would be the complementary DNA strand for the following DNA sequence?
DNA 5-CGTATG-3
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Answer:
DNA 5-CGTATG-3 DNA 3-GCATAC-5
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