Beruflich Dokumente
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APLIKASI
Tubuh manusia Meniup kopi panas Perkakas elektronik (sirip, heat sink) Refrigerator (AC, Kulkas) Mobil (siklus engine, sirip, radiator) Pembangkit listrik (turbin, boiler) Industri (penyulingan, pendinginan, pengeringan, dll).
SECONDARY UNITS
Secondary units can be formed by combinations of primary units. Example: F = m.a P = F/A
m N kg 2 s N Pa 2 m
kg Pa 2 m.s
kg.m / s Pa m2
CLOSSED SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
OPEN SYSTEM
Open system (= control volume) with one inlet and one outlet (exit) and a real boundary.
SIFAT-SIFAT SISTEM
Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and elevation. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the sizeor extentof the system. Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties (specific volume (v = V/m), specific energy (e = E/m).
2. Energi Potensial (PE) PE = mgh 3. Energi dakhil atau Internal Energy (U) ENERGI TOTAL: E = U + KE + PE e = u + ke + pe (per satuan massa)
POSTULAT KEADAAN
All properties (can be measured or calculated) completely describes the condition, or the state, of the system. At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values. If the value of even one property changes, the state will change to a different one. The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given by the state postulate: The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.
MACAM-MACAM PROSES
Proses isotermal: proses pada suhu T konstan. Proses isobaris: proses pada tekanan P konstan. Proses isokhoris (isometris): proses pada volume spesifik konstan. Proses adiabatik: proses di mana tidak terjadi pertukaran kalor dengan lingkungan. Proses isentropik: proses pada entropi S konstan.
STEADY-FLOW PROCESS
The terms steady and uniform are used frequently in engineering, and thus it is important to have a clear understanding of their meanings. The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform, however, implies no change with location over a specified region.
TEKANAN
Tekanan (P) : gaya (F) per satuan luas (A). Satuan tekanan adalah pascal (Pa) = N/m2. Untuk benda padat gaya per luas satuan tidak disebut tekanan, tetapi tegangan (stress). Untuk fluida diam, tekanan adalah sama ke segala arah. Tekanan di dalam fluida meningkat sesuai dengan kedalamannya akibat berat fluida (pengaruh gravitasi) sehingga fluida pada bagian bawah menanggung beban yang lebih besar daripada fluida di bagian atas. Tetapi tekanan tidak bervariasi pada arah horisontal. Tekanan gas di dalam tangki dapat dianggap seragam karena berat gas terlalu kecil dan tidak mengakibatkan pengaruh yang berarti.
PENGUKUR TEKANAN
MANOMETER BAROMETER
PRESSURE GAGE
PRINSIP MANOMETER
Perhatikan gambar: Seimbang F = 0 P1 = P2 A P1 = A Patm + W di mana W = m g = Vg=Ahg P1 = Patm + h g P = P1 - Patm = h g = Tekanan ukur di dalam tangki
EXAMPLE : Manometer
A manometer is used to measure the pressure in a tank. The fluid used has a specific gravity of 0.85, and the manometer column height is 55 cm, as shown in Figure. If the local atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa, determine the absolute pressure within the tank.
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION
SOLUTION
APLIKASI MANOMETER
Measuring the pressure drop across a flow section or a flow device by a differential manometer: P1 + 1g(a + h) - 2gh - 1ga = P2 P1 - P2 = (2 - 1)gh Untuk 2 >> 1 : P1 - P2 2 g h
BAROMETER Torricelli
Patm = g h
EXAMPLE3: BAROMETER
Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and the gravitational acceleration is g 9.81 m/s2. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10oC, at which its density is 13,570 kg/m3.
EXAMPLE3: SOLUTION
TEKANAN ATMOSFER
ELEVASI (m) 0 (sea level) 1000 2000 5000 10,000 20,000 TEKANAN (kPa) 101.325 89.88 79.50 54.05 26.5 5.53 TEKANAN (mmHg) 760.00 674.15 596.30 405.41 198.77 41.48
EFEK KETINGGIAN
TEMPERATURE
Thermodinamika SUHU MUTLAK Satuan kelvin (K) untuk SI Satuan renkine (R) untuk USCS Konversi: T(K) = T(oC) + 273.15 T(R) = T(oF) + 456.67 T(oC) = 1.8T(oC) + 32 T(R) = 1.8 T(K) CAUTION: T(K) = T(oC) T(R) = T(oF)
EXAMPLE4: TEMPERATURE
During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by 10C. Express this rise in temperature in K, F, and R.
PR:
Soal No: 1-6C, 1-7C, 1-15C, 1-16C, 1-17C, 120C, 1-21C, 1-22C, 1-23C, 1-24C, 1-29, 1-31, 134C, 1-35C, 1-36C, 1-39C, 1-40, 1-42, 1-43, 1-44, 1-45, 1-48, 1-51, 1-53, 1-55, 1-57, 1-59, 1-61, 1-62, 1-63, 1-65, 1-66, 1-73, 1-85, 1-88, 1-101, 1-103, 1-105, 1-106, 1-108, 1-120, 1-121, 1-122, 1-123, 1-125. Kelompok THERMO Kelompok DYNAMICS