NUR AFRAH BT MUHAMAD SHUKRI (0917384) SITI NOR HASHIMAH BT HASHIM (0915462) AZLINA BT ZAKARIA (0915944) SITI KHAIRUNA

BT SAPUAN (0839462) NURUL AINI HAYAT BT HASHIM (0919058)

CONTENT

DEFINITION

etnos=people, race; grafia=writing, description ethnography (noun)-a branch of anthropology dealing with the scientific description of individual cultures.

Literally: writing about groups of people

the research process of learning from people about their culture -Ventres and Richard
Frankel

Ethnography is a systematic study of a particular cultural group or phenomenon-Frances

Julia Riemer

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
qualitative research procedures for describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture- sharing groups shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language that develop over time. the methodology and results of studying ethnography.

Nonjudgmental orientation

Number checking

Culture

ETHNOGRAPHIC CONCEPTS
Thick description
Holistic perspective

Emic perspective

Contextualization

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

O Advantages actual behavior is revealed. O Disadvantages takes too much time; expensive;

hard to digest thick data, it is impossible to make an absolute generalization when one is just studying a sample; there maybe defects in the validity of the conclusions; the bias of the researcher remains.

THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ETHNOGRAPHIC DESIGN

CULTURAL THEMES

FIELDWORK

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

SHARED PATTERNS

A CULTURE SHARING GROUP

CULTURAL THEMES The researcher study about cultural themes. They are interested in adding to the knowledge about culture and studying specific cultural themes that is openly approved or promoted in a society or group. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH A CULTURE-SHARING GROUP Refer to two or more individuals who have shared behaviors, beliefs and language.

SHARED PATTERNS OF:

Behavior, beliefs, and language that the culture sharing group adopts over time. Firstly, the culture-sharing group needs to have adopted shared patterns that the ethnographer can discern. Secondly, the group shares any one or a combination of behaviors, beliefs and language.

FIELDWORK
The researcher gather data in the setting where the participants are located and where their shared patterns can be studied. The ethnographers collect data through spending time at participants site where they live, work, or play.

The Procedure of Ethnographic Research

1). Identification of the Phenomenon to be Studied

O Ex:The social problem of students in a

desegregated urban high school O identifies the phenomenon to be studied as social interaction of high school students, specifically in a desegregated school. O Called-foreshadowed problems. provide a focus for the study.

2). Identification of Subjects

O to identify primary subjects for the study and whose

interaction must be considered. 3). Hypotheses Generation

O hypotheses has been generated in a continuous

process throughout the study.

4). Data Collection Primary method is- observation. O data collection involves participantobservation. O researcher can have observation in three different ways: o Active participant (assume role of participant) o Privileged observer (does not assume role of participant but has access to the relevant activity for the study) o Limited observer (used when opportunities for observation are restricted or absent)least desirable

O Other forms of data collection in ethnography include: Interviews Surveys Written resources Non-written resources (videotapes,photographs, etc.)

5). Preparing Field Notes

O It is important to record whatever has been observed or

interviewed by the researcher. O can be written in narrative, shorthand or in diagrammatic fashion. 6). Reviewing other Sources
O These other sources can be in form of:
O Achievement tests O Attitude inventories O Psychological tests O Interest inventories O Incidence of specific behaviours (discipline records)

7). Triangulation
O the process of Qualitative Cross-Validation O As Denzin (1978) points out: Triangulation can take many

form, but its basic feature will be the combination of two or more different research strategies in the study of same empirical units. O the triangulation process assesses the sufficiency of the data.

O Example:

Triangulation Involving Multiple Data Sources in Social Interaction

Counselors Faculty

Students

8). Analysis and Interpretation

O Analysis- consists of synthesizing the information from

the observations, interviews, and other data sources. O The analysis in ethnographic relies heavily on description; even when statistics are used, they tend to be used in a descriptive rather than an inferential manner. O Interpretation- explaining descriptive pattern

9). Description
O The purpose- to let the reader know what happened

in the environment under observation, what it was like from the participants point of view to be in the setting, and what particular events or activities in the setting were like. O written in narrative form to provide a holistic picture of what has happened in the activity or event.

10). Drawing Conclusions

O integrated much more with the other parts of the

research process. This is partly because of the successive approximation procedure of coming to conclusions when conducting ethnographic research.

SECOND LANGUAGE AND LITERACY LEARNING IN SCHOOL AND AT HOME: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF CHINESE CANADIAN FIRST GRADERS EXPERIENCES By: GUOFANG LI MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

ARTICLE REVIEW

WHAT

Does Chinese Canadian First grader experienced difficulty in learning second language and literacy in school and at home?

WHO

Two focal Chinese Canadian first grader, Sandy Chung and Alana Tang.
To examine the students reading and writing practices in school and at home To understand the thoughts, beliefs, resources, and concern of these children when they are socialized into sociocultural discourses Taylor Elementary (K-7), Riverview, British Columbia, Canada

WHY

WHERE

WHEN

October 2000 and June 2001

HOW

Direct observation, participant observation Interviews Document collection

PROCEDURES 1). Identification of the Phenomenon to be Studied The experiences of Chinese Canadian First Grader in learning second language and literacy in school and at home 2). Identification of Subjects Two focal Chinese Canadian first grader, Sandy Chung and Alana Tang from Taylor Elementary (K-7), Riverview, British Columbia, Canada 3). Hypotheses Generation

4). Data Collection Direct observation (participants), participant observation (classroom activities), interviews (teachers and parents) and document collection (sample of their written work, audiotaped interview) 5). Preparing Field Notes Recorded the interview and wrote the observation 6). Reviewing Other Sources Sample of their reading records

7). Triangulation Multiple data sources: - Sandy and Alana - Teacher (Mrs Haines) - Ass. Teacher (Mrs. Wong) - Parents 8). Analysis and Interpretation Developed major domains such as: - Parents, teachers, and students perspectives on literacy - Students home and school literacy experiences - Students interaction with peer - Teachers and parents perceptions of student - Cross-cultural differences

9). Description

DISCUSSION
O Web has become similar stage as

television as an important mass medium long time ago O A range of age group- it would be useful to concentrate on one group O The issue of search engines also deserve further exploration O Many language issues associated with the web

HOW TO IMPLEMENT ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN ISLAMIC EDUCATION??

AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF ISLAMIC KNOWLEDGE AMONG ABORIGINAL STUDENTS IN KAMPUNG TASIK GUMUM, PEKAN, PAHANG.

CONCLUSION