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Some Definitions
Investment: An investment is the current commitment of money or other resources in the expectation of reaping future benefits (Kane, Bodie and Marcus 2005)
Definitions
Generally, investments refers to financial assets and in particular to marketable securities Financial assets are paper or electronic claims on some issuer, such as the government or a company Marketable securities financial assets that are easily and cheaply tradable in organized markets Real assets are tangible assets such as gold, silver, diamonds, real estate,
Why to invest?
Investment increases future consumption possibilities
By foregoing consumption today and investing the savings, investors expect to increase their future consumption possibilities by increasing their wealth
Compensation to investors
Due to the three problems, investors will not invest until they are compensated for these problems Required rate of return = compensation for (sacrifice , inflation, risk) RRR= opportunity cost + risk premium
Security Analysis
Security analysis: this is the first part of investment decision process It involves the analysis and valuation of individual securities To analyze securities, it is important to understand the characteristics of the various securities and the factors that affect them Then valuation model is applied to find out their value or price
Security Analysis
Value of a security is a function of estimated future earnings from the security and the risk attached For securities valuation, investors must deal with economy, industry or the individual company Both the expected return and risk must be estimated keeping in view the economic, market or company related factors
Portfolio Management
The second major component of the decision processes is portfolio management After securities have been analyzed and valued, portfolio of selected securities is made Once a portfolio is made, it is managed with the passage of time For management, there can be two approaches
Portfolio Management
Approaches to portfolio management:
A. Passive investment strategy B. Active investment strategy In Passive Strategy, investors make few changes in the portfolio so that transactions costs, time and search costs are minimum In Active Strategy, investors believe that they can earn better returns by actively making changes in the portfolio