Oma000001 GSM Fundamentals Issue4.0

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OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals

ISSUE 4.0
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc. Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used. Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea of multi-frame. Know some radio techniques Get the idea of EDGE
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References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual BSC Technical Manual
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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface Chapter 5 Radio Techniques Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM system overview

The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,
each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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GSM Development
1989 1991 1992 1994 1996
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G) System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication
Provide services for the whole world
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
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Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.

Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
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Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the
same communication medium.

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
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FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency
Frequency
channels to accomplish communication.

The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving)every channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information.
Time
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TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the
Frequency
communication in different timeslot.

A carrier is divided into
Time
channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted on the same frequency in different time.
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CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
Frequency
communication in different code sequences.

Special coding is adopted
Time
before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same frequency and at the same time.
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The Frequency Spectrum

DCS 1800
Base Station Receive
Base Station Transmit
1710
1785 1805
1880MHz
Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

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95MHz 200KHz
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The Frequency Spectrum

Frequency Spectrum
GSM 450
Range (MHz)
UL 450.4~457.6 DL 460.4~467.6 UL 478.8~486 DL 488.8~496
Uplink Frequency
Frequency Point Available

259<=n<=293
Downlink Frequency
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
Duplex Separation (MHz)

10
Channels No
34
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259)
GSM 480
Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306)
306<=n<=340
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
10
34
GSM 850
UL 824~849 DL 869~894
UL 880~915 DL 925~960 UL 876~915 DL 921~960
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
128<=n<=251 0<=n<=124 975<=n<=1023 0<=n<=124 955<=n<=1023
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
45
123
E-GSM 900
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
45
172
R-GSM 900
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
45
192
DCS 1800
UL 1710~1785 DL 1805~1880
Fu(n)=1710.2+0.2(n512)
512<=n<=885
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+95
95
373
PCS 1900
UL 1850~1910 DL 1930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n512)
512<=n<=810
Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
80
298
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Frequency Reuse

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited. The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places. The quality of communication must be ensured.
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4/12
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Cell Types
Omni-directional Cell
Omni
1
120 Degree Cell
120 degree
3
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GSM-GPRS Network Component

MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS

MS BTS PCU BSC BSC HLR/AUC
SS7 SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone
SGSN GGSN OMC CG BG
Internet, Intranet
Other PLMN
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Interface Between Different Entities

B MSC/VLR GSM /GPRS BSS MS BTS Abis BSC A HLR/AUC C/D/Gs GMSC PSTN ISDN
PCU
BSC MS Um BTS Gb
SS7 SMS system Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Internet, Intranet
GPRS backbone
SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN
Gi
Other PLMN
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Interfaces GSM/GPRS
INTERFACE
Um Abis A B
ENTITIES RELATED
MS - BTS BTS BSC BSC MSC MSC VLR
SIGNALING AND PROTOCOL

DTAP (Direct Transfer Application Part) Internal Protocol (LAPD) BSAP (Base Station Application Part) Internal Protocol
C
D Ga Gb Gd Ge Gi Gn (misma PLMN) Gp (diferente PLMN)
MSC HLR
VLR HLR GGSN - CG BSS SGSN SGSN - SMS SGSN GSMSCF GGSN PDN SGSN SGSN SGSN - SGSN
MAP (Mobile Application Part)

MAP (Mobile Application Part) GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) SNDCP (SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol), BSSGP (BSS GPRS Protocol) MAP (Mobile Application Part) CAP (CAMEL Application Part) IP (Internet Protocol) GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
Gr
Gs
SGSN HLR
SGSN - MSC
MAP (Mobile Application Part)

BSSAP+ (Base Station Subsystem Application Part)
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Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Subscriber Identity Module
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Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
SIM
Location Area Identity (LAI)

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
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Base Station Subsystem BSS

MSC
The Base Station Controller
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station
BSS
TC/SM
BSC BTS
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and
Sub multiplexer (SM)
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Packet Control Unit-----PCU

MSC
Packet data
switching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC

Provide Pb and
BSS
TC/SM
GPRS Backbone
Gb interface
BSC
BTS
PCU
Pb Gb
SGSN
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The Network Switching System
NSS
OMC
AUC HLR EIR
EC MSC/VLR
PSTN
Mobile-service Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Echo Cancellor
MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC EC
BSS
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Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working Billing
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Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)

Authentication key and AuC functionality
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Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.) Location Area Identity (LAI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number (MSRN)
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Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List Black List Grey List
IMEI is Checked In White List

If NOT found, checked against Grey/Black List
EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!!
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
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OMC Functional Architecture

Event/Alarm Management Security Management
MMI
OS
Fault Management
DB
Configuration Management
Performance Management
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Service Area
Service Area
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area...
Location area...
PLMN service area

MSC service area...
Location area...
......
cell
cell
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CC
NDC
HLR Number
H0H1H2H3
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LAI (Location Area Identity)

MCC
MNC
Location Area Identification
LAC
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
CGI (Cell Global Identity)
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to identify the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001
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BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)
NCC
BSIC
BCC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
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MSISDN
CC
NDC
SN
National (significant) Mobile number

Mobile station international ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
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IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
NMSI IMSI
MSIN
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00" MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001 NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies
them to the HLR.

TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.

The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.
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IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity)
TAC
FAC
SNR
SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer. SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
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Physical Channel and Logical Channel

The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms The logical channel consists of the information carried over the physical channels
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 0
1 2
Timeslot
The information carried in one time slot is called a burst
TDMA FRAME
TDMA FRAME
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Two types of Logical Channel

Traffic Channel (TCH) : Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) : Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.
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Traffic Channel (TCH)

TCH Traffic Channels
Speech
Data
TCH/FS
TCH/HS
TCH/9.6
TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
TCH/4.8
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Control Channel (CCH)

CCH (Control Channels) DCCH SDCCH ACCH BCCH SACCH CCCH SCH RACH CBCH FCCH
BCH
Synch. CH.
FACCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH Common Control Channel CCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCCH Associated Control Channel ACCH
PCH/AGCH
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Broadcast Control Channel BCCH

The information carried on the BCCH is monitored by the MS CCH
periodically when it is in idle mode

BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel BCCH SCH: Synchronization Channel
BCH
Synch. Channels
SCH
FCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH

The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the network.
RACH: Random Access Channel PCH: Paging Channel AGCH: Access Granted Channel CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel RACH uplink CBCH downlink CCH
CCCH
PCH/AGCH downlink
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH

DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for measurement and handover purpose. SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated Control Channel FACCH: Fast Associated Control Channel
CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
ACCH
FACCH
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SACCH
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Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH
CCCH
SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H
DCCH
DCH
TCH
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Downlink Logical channel

FCCH
CCH
BCCH
SCH BCCH
CCCH
PCH AGCH
SDCCH
DCH
DCCH
SACCH FACCH
TCH
TCH/F TCH/H
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How to use these channels?

Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst Search for synchronous burst Extract system information
FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH TCH FACCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message
Send access burst

Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
Set up the call Allocate voice channel Conversation

Idle mode
Release the call
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Packet logic channel

Packet data channel (PDCH)
TCH
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel
Packet control channel
BCCH CCCH
SACCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
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GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH

SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
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Combination of packet logic channel

Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH; Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH
and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the
cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL CHANNELS
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames 0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4
21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
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Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.
5W 0.8W
Saves battery power Reduces co-channel and adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH ------Does not attend Power control
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DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving Interference reduction
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Timing Advance (TA)

The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
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Multi-path Fading
Diversity Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity Whats Diversity?

Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low
enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.
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Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
f
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
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Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2 f3 f4 Frame Time
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GSM Development Evolution
3G 2.5G
2 Mbps 384 kbps IMT-2000
2G
57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD
115 kbps
GPRS
EDGE
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Data rate of EDGE and GPRS

Kbps
60.0
54.4 59.2
50.0 40.0 30.0

21.4
GPRS EGPRS
29.6 22.4 17.6 14.8 8.8 11.2
44.8
20.0
13.4
15.6
10.0 0.0
9.0
CS-1
CS-2
CS-3
CS-4
MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK
8PSK
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Huawei EDGE Test Result

Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
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The basic idea of GSM
Summary
The frequency spectrum used in GSM The structure of GSM Certain service area and numbers Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
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Page 77
Thank You
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OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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GSM system overview

frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

1989 1991 1992 1994 1996

Provide services for the whole world

Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.

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Multiple Access Technique

same communication medium.

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.

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channels to accomplish communication.

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communication in different timeslot.

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communication in different code sequences.

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The Frequency Spectrum

Base Station Receive

Base Station Transmit

Duplex Separation: Channel Bandwidth:

The Frequency Spectrum

Frequency Point Available

Duplex Separation (MHz)

Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)

128<=n<=251 0<=n<=124 975<=n<=1023 0<=n<=124 955<=n<=1023

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GSM-GPRS Network Component

GSM /GPRS BSS

SS7 SMS system

SGSN GGSN OMC CG BG

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Interface Between Different Entities

SS7 SMS system Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc Internet, Intranet

SGSN Ga OMC CG BG Gp GGSN