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Comparison of actual and theoretical cycles

Presented by Batch 1 Akilesh Khanna(09A202) Anish Kumar.V(10A205) Jothi Raj.P(10A217) Kishore.H(10A220) Nandha Kumar.K(10A226) Thiyagaprabhu.S.S(11A448)
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BRAYTON CYCLE
Brayton cycle is a closed gas turbine cycle in which the compression and expansion processes remain the same. Comparing the power cycles combustion bis replaced by a constant-pressure heat-addition process from an external source The exhaust process is replaced by a constant pressure heat-rejection process to the ambient air.

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Process:
1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor) 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine) 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

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Closed cycle gas turbine engine

Open cycle gas turbine engine

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Efficiency

rp pressure ratio=

K specific heat ratio.


Under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the thermal efficiency of an ideal Brayton cycle depends on the pressure ratio of the gas turbine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid.
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Actual vs Ideal

where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the compressor and the turbine, respectively, and 2s and 4s are the corresponding states for the isentropic case
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Actual vs Ideal
some pressure drop during the heat-addition and heat rejection processes is inevitable. The actual work input to the compressor is more. The actual work output from the turbine is less because of irreversibilities.

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The deviation of actual compressor and turbine behaviour from the idealized isentropic behaviour can be accurately accounted for by utilizing the isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and compressor as,

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RANKINE CYCLE
Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle for vapor power plants. The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal irreversibilities process: 1-2 Isentropic compression in a pump 2-3 Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler 3-4 Isentropic expansion in a turbine 4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
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RANKINE CYCLE

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Efficiency

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Actual vs Ideal

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Actual vs Ideal
The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine cycle as a result of irreversibilities in various components. Fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the two common sources of irreversibilities. Fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser. Steam leaves the boiler at a somewhat lower pressure. The pressure at the turbine inlet is somewhat lower than that at the boiler exit due to the pressure drop in the connecting pipes. So, larger work input must be given to the pump.
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Actual vs Ideal
A pump requires a greater work input, and a turbine produces a smaller work output. The deviation of actual pumps and turbines from the isentropic ones can be accounted for by utilizing isentropic efficiencies.

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THANK YOU

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