INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS TENGKU AMPUAN AFZAN

Adverbs are traditionally defined as words that describe verbs.

Adverbs answers any of the following questions about verbs :

How did he lift the barbell? Easily is an adverb.

When will we use it? Tomorrow functions as an adverb.

Where did she hide the key? Nearby is an adverb.

Adverb Form
We make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for

example:
quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb) careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb) beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb)

There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below:
Adjective ending
most adjectives

do this
add -ly

adjective
quick nice sole careful regrettable horrible happy

adverb
quickly nicely solely carefully regrettably horribly happily

-able or -ible -y

change -e to -y change -y to -ily

-ic

change -ic to -ically economic

economically

- these answer the question how?

This adverb usually comes after the direct object or if there is no direct object, after the verb:
She speaks Italian beautifully. He works well. You must drive your car carefully. Eat quietly.

- these answer the question where? This adverb usually comes after the object, otherwise after the verb: We saw you there. We were sitting here. We looked everywhere. Note: somewhere, anywhere, follow the same rules as some and any:

Have you seen my glasses anywhere? I'm sure I left them somewhere. I can't find them anywhere.

- these answer the question when?

This adverb usually comes either at the very beginning of the sentence or at the end. Afterwards we decided to go by car. I've done that journey before. Note: yet and still: -yet should be placed at the end of the sentence. -Still should be placed before the verb, except with the verb 'to be' when it comes after. We haven't started yet. He still wears old-fashioned clothes. She is still a student. Compare these two sentences: The train still hasn't arrived. The train hasn't arrived yet.

- these answer the question how many times?

This adverb comes after the verb 'to be':

She is always honest.

Comes before simple tenses of all other verbs:

They sometimes spend the whole of Saturday fishing.

Comes after the first auxiliary in a tense consisting of more than one verb: I have often wondered how they did that. I can sometimes go without food for days.

Note: with 'used to' and 'have' the frequency adverb is usually placed in front:
We always used to look forward to the school holidays. He never has any trouble with his old car.

- these answer the question to what extent? This adverb can modify an adverb or an adjective and comes before the word it modifies:

The bottle is almost full, nearly empty. They should be able to pass their exams quite easily.
The following adverbs of degree can also modify verbs: almost, nearly, quite, hardly, scarcely, barely, just

They follow the same pattern as frequency adverbs in terms of where they are placed:

-I quite understand.
-We had almost reached the hut when the rain started. -I am just beginning a new course.

http://www.myenglishlessons.net/quizzes/adverbsp1.htm http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/adjectivesadverbs/adverbs/exercises

http://www.oswego.org/ocsdweb/quiz/mquiz.asp?filename=msmith5adverbswhere

http://depts.dyc.edu/learningcenter/owl/exercises/adjectives_ and_adverbs_ex1.htm

Descriptive

ADJECTIVES
Words that describe or modify another person or thing in sentence

Superlative

Comparative

Descriptive Adjective

This type of adjectives add detail or description to the noun

Eg: The tall man thought he could reach the top shelf of the bookcase.

Noun Adjectives TALL describes the subject MAN and TOP describes the direct object SHELF.

Superlative Adjectives

This expresses the extreme or highest degree of a quality. We use a superlative adjective to describe the extreme quality of one thing in a group of things.

Formation of Superlative Adjectives

There are two ways to form a superlative adjective

short adjectives: add "-est"

long adjectives: use "most"

Short adjectives 1-syllable adjectives 2-syllable adjectives ending in -y

old, fast happy, easy

Normal rule: add "-est" old the oldest Variation: if the adjective ends in - late the latest e, just add -st Variation: if the adjective ends in big the biggest consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant Variation: if the adjective ends in - happy the happiest y, change the y to i

Long adjectives 2-syllable adjectives not ending in modern, pleasant -y all adjectives of 3 or more expensive, intellectual syllables Normal rule: use "most" modern the most modern expensive the most expensive

Use of Superlative Adjectives We use a superlative adjective to describe one thing in a group of three or more things. Look at these examples: John is 1m75. David is 1m80. Chris is 1m85. Chris is the tallest. Canada, China and Russia are big countries. But Russia is the biggest. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

English Tips: With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use '-est' or 'most': quiet the quietest/most quiet clever the cleverest/most clever narrow the narrowest/most narrow simple the simplest/most simple English Tips: When we compare one thing with itself, we do not use "the":England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest) My boss is most generous when we get a big order. (not the most generous)

Exception cases: The following adjectives have irregular forms: good the best bad the worst far the furthest

Comparative Adjectives

When we talk about two things, we can "compare" them. We can see if they are the same or different. Perhaps they are the same in some ways and different in other ways. We can use comparative adjectives to describe the differences. Formation of Comparative Adjectives

There are two ways to make or form a comparative adjective

short adjectives: add "-er"

long adjectives: use "more"

Short adjectives 1-syllable adjectives

old, fast

2-syllable adjectives ending in -y

Normal rule: add "-er"

happy, easy
old older

Variation: if the adjective ends in -e, just late later add -r Variation: if the adjective ends in consonant, vowel, consonant, double the last consonant big bigger

Variation: if the adjective ends in -y, change the y to i

Long adjectives 2-syllable adjectives not ending in -y all adjectives of 3 or more syllables Normal rule: use "more"

happy happier

modern, pleasant expensive, intellectual modern more modern expensive more expensive

Use of Comparative Adjectives We use comparative adjectives when talking about 2 things Often, the comparative adjective is followed by "than" Look at these examples:

John is 1m80cm. He is tall. But Chris is 1m85cm. He is taller than John.

America is big. But Russia is bigger. I want to have a more powerful computers Is French more difficult than English?

English Tips: Although we use comparative adjectives when talking about two things (not three or more things), in fact one or both of the things may be a group of things. Everest is higher than all other mountains. Here, we are talking about hundreds of mountains, but we are still comparing one thing ( Everest) to one other thing (all other mountains).

English tips: With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use '-er' or 'more': quiet quieter/more quiet clever cleverer/more clever narrow narrower/more narrow simple simpler/more simple

Exception Cases: The following adjectives have irregular forms: good better well (healthy) better bad worse far farther/further

SOME LIST OF ADJECTIVES

Appearance Adjectives
adorable beautiful Clean Drab Elegant Fancy Glamorous Handsome Long Magnificent old-fashioned Plain Quaint Sparkling Ugliest Unsightly wide-eyed

alive better careful clever dead easy famous gifted helpful important inexpensive mushy odd powerful rich shy tender uninterested vast wrong

Condition Adjectives

angry bewildered clumsy defeated embarrassed fierce grumpy helpless itchy jealous lazy mysterious nervous obnoxious panicky repulsive scary thoughtless uptight worried

Feelings (Bad) Adjectives

agreeable brave calm delightful eager faithful gentle happy jolly kind lively nice obedient proud relieved silly thankful victorious witty zealous

Feelings (Good) Adjectives

Sound Adjectives
cooing deafening faint hissing loud melodic noisy purring quiet raspy screeching thundering voiceless whispering

ancient brief early fast late long modern old old-fashioned quick rapid short slow swift young

Time Adjectives

bitter delicious fresh greasy juicy hot icy loose melted nutritious prickly rainy rotten salty sticky strong sweet tasteless weak wet yummy

Taste/Touch Adjectives

Learn more about Adjectives at here:

http://www.referatele.com/referate/engleza/online12/The-Adjective---Types-ofadjectives-Position-of-adjectives-Comparison-of-adjectives-Adjective-patter.php http://www.grammaruntied.com/adjectives/adjectivetypes.html http://www.grammaruntied.com/adjectives/adjectivelist.html Exercise :

http://www.learn-english-today.com/lessons/lesson_contents/adjectives-ex.html

What is pronouns
A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or things. whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns.

For example: With out pronouns Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous. With pronouns, we can say: Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.

them they

it him

she

we

you
us I

Number

Person

Gender

Personal Pronouns Subject Object me

Singular

1st

male/female

2nd

male/female

you

you

3rd

male

he

him

female
neuter Plural 1st male/female

she
it we

her
it us

2nd

male/female

you

you

3rd

male/female/n euter

they

them

A subjective pronoun acts as the subject of a sentenceit performs the action of the verb. The subjective pronouns are he, I, it, she, they, we, and you Example : He spends ages looking out the window. After lunch, she and I went to the planetarium.

Object pronouns are used everywhere else. Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them Example : Jean talked to him. Are you talking to me?

Subjective I like coffee. Do you like coffee? singular He runs fast.

objective John helped me. John loves you. Did Ram beat him?

She is clever.

Does Mary know her?

It doesn't work. We went home. plural Do you need a table for three? They played doubles. Anthony drove us. Did John and Mary beat you at John and Mary beat them

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things: A demonstrative pronouns is used to single out one or more nouns referred to in the sentence.
near in distance or time (this, these)

far in distance or time (that, those)

near singular plural this these far that those

Example
Near things (singular) This tastes good. Have you seen this? Far things (singular) That is beautiful. Look at that! Both This is heavier than that. These are bigger than those. Near things (plural) These are bad times. Do you like these? Far things (plural) Those were the days! Can you see those?

possessive pronoun

A possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

We use possessive pronouns depending on: Number Person 1st 2nd singular

Gender (Of "Owner")

male/female male/female

Possessive Pronouns
mine yours

male
3rd female 1st plural 2nd 3rd male/female male/female

his
hers ours yours theirs

male/female/ neuter

Example
Look at these pictures. Mine is the big one. (subject = My picture) I like your flowers. Do you like mine? (object = my flowers) John found his passport but Mary couldn't find hers. (object = her passport) John found his clothes but Mary couldn't find hers. (object = her clothes) Each couple's books are colour -coded. Yours are red. (subject = Your books) I don't like this family's garden but I like yours. (subject = your garden)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know

(what we are asking the question about).

Subject Person Thing Person/Thing Person who what which whose (possessive) Object whom

Look at these example questions. In the sample answers, the noun phrase that the interrogative pronoun represents is shown in bold.
Question Who told you? Whom did you tell? What's happened? Answer John told me. I told Mary. An accident's happened. subject object subject

What do you want?

Which came first?

I want coffee.
The Porsche 911 came first.

object
subject object subject

Which will the doctor see first? The doctor will see the patient in bluefirst. There's one car missing. Whose hasn't arrived? John's (car) hasn't arrived.

whoever, whomever, whichever and whatever can also be used as interrogative pronouns. we sometimes use the suffix "ever" to make compounds from some of these pronouns. When we add "-ever", we use it for emphasis, often to show confusion or

surprise.

For example: Whoever would want to do such a nasty thing? Whatever did he say to make her cry like that? They're all fantastic! Whichever will you choose?

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
A reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence
Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

Reflexive Pronoun Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Plural

EXAMPLE
reflexive pronouns the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing the underlined words are the SAME person/thing

John saw me.

Why does he blame you? David sent him a copy. David sent her a copy. My dog hurt the cat.

I saw myself in the mirror.

Why do you blame yourself? John sent himself a copy. Mary sent herself a copy. My dog hurt itself.

We blame you.
Can you help my children? They cannot look after the babies.

We blame ourselves.
Can you help yourselves? They cannot look after themselves.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS
We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other.

For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say:

The action is "reciprocated John talks to Mary and Mary talks to John. I give you a present and you give me a present. The dog bites the cat and the cat bites the dog. There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words: each other one another

When we use these reciprocal pronouns: there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and they must be doing the same thing

EXAMPLE
John and Mary love each other.

Peter and David hate each other.

The ten prisoners were all blaming one another. Both teams played hard against each other.

We gave each other gifts.

Why don't you believe each other? They can't see each other.

The gangsters were fighting one another.

The boats were bumping against each other in the storm.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite, or general, person or thing. An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific

person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite".

Some typical indefinite pronouns are: all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone

Pronoun

Meaning Singular

Example

another anybody/ Anyone anything

An additional or different person or That ice-cream was good. Can I have thing another? No matter what person No matter what thing Can anyone answer this question? The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours. Do you want tea or coffee? / I don't mind. Either is good for me. I keep telling jack and jill but neither believes me.

either neither

One or the other of two people or things Not one and not the other of two people or things

Plural Both Two people or things, seen together A small number of people or things John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good. Few have ever disobeyed him and lived.

Few

Many

A large number of people or things Many have come already.

Others

Other people; not us

I'm sure that others have tried before us.

They say that vegetables are good for you.

They

People in general (informal)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun introduces a clause, or part of a sentence, that describes a noun. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example: The person who phoned me last night is my teacher. (subject) The people who I phoned last night are my teachers. (object) Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is my teacher. (Subject) Mr and Mrs Pratt, who I like very much, are my teachers. (object)

http://www.superteacherworksheets.com/pronouns/pronouns3.pdf

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/pronouns/exercises?04

http://www.usingenglish.com/quizzes/62.html

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm

GROUP MEMBERS:
MELVIN GEORAGE SATHISWARAN KARTHIKESAN SASHI KUMAR