Project Planning

Work Breakdown Structure & Schedule

February 14, 2005

Project Plan
Requirements

Work Breakdown Structure Resources

Staff, Materials, Facilities

Activities
Schedule Baseline

Time-Phased Budget

Project Planning
Plan: A detailed scheme, program or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an objective from Websters Dictionary Project Planning: The process of defining and putting into place beforehand the necessary systems and resources to allow the successful accomplishment of the objective within cost and schedule constraints. Project Planning is the process of defining: What?, Who?, When?, How?, How much?

The What: Work Breakdown Structure

Logical decomposition of a large/complex project Systems are successively decomposed into smaller and smaller items until each piece is of an appropriate size to precisely define and manage its required resources NASA definition: A WBS is a product-oriented family tree composed of all hardware, software, services and other work tasks required to achieve an end objective.

WBS Example: ARES Mars Scout Mission

ARES Project Mgmt 01 Project Sys Eng'g 02 Mission Assurance 03 Science 04 Atmospheric Flight System 05 Science Mgmt 04.01 Atmos. Flight System Mgmt. 05.01 Atmos. Flight Sys. Systems Engr. 05.02 Atmos. Flight Sys. Mission Assurance 05.03 Atmos. Flight Sys. Airplane 05.04 Atmos. Flight Sys. Instrumentation 05.05 Atmos. Flight Sys. Risk Reduction 05.06 Atmos. Flight Sys. Mission Ops. 05.07 S/C Flt System 06 Mission Ops Sys 07 Launch System 08

Project Management 01.01

Project Sys. Eng Mgmt 02.01

Mission Assur. Mgmt. 03.01

Flight System Contract 06.00

Mission Syst. Mgmt 07.01

Launch System 08.01

Business Mgmt 01.02

Mission & Nav Design 02.02

System Safety 03.02

Science Team 04.02

Flt System Mgmt 06.01

Mission Syst. Eng'g 07.02

Project Support 01.03

Risk Management 02.03

Reliability 03.03

Science Data Supt 04.03

Flt System Eng'g 06.02

Ground Data System 07.03

Review Support 01.04

Project S/W Eng'g 02.04

Environments 03.04

EPO 04.04

Flt System Testbeds 06.03

Mission Ops System 07.04

Facilities 01.05

Info. Mgt. & Comm. 02.05

Quality Assurance 03.05

Sci. Inves. & Ops Supt 04.05 Science Environmental Characterization 04.06

Flight System ATLO 06.04

DSMS 07.05

Foreign Travel 01.06

Configuration Mgmt. 02.06

EEE Parts Eng'g 03.06

Carrier System 06.05

Mission & Nav. Design 07.06

Tech Xfer/Comrcl. 01.07

Planetary Protection 02.07

Materials & Processes 03.07

EDD System 06.06

Mission Syst. V&V 07.07

NEPA 02.08

Contamination Cntl 03.08

E-E Info System 02.09

Mission Ops Assurance 03.09

Launch Vehicle Integ. 02.10

IV&V 03.10

Project V&V 02.11

WBS Example: ARES Atmospheric Flight System

Atmospheric Flight System 05.0

Atmos. Flight System Mgmt. 5.01

Atmos. Flight Sys. Systems Engineering 5.02

Atmos. Flight System Mission Assurance 5.03

Atmos. Flight System Airplane 5.04

Atmos. Flight System Instrumentation 5.05

Atmos. Flight System Risk Reduction 5.06

Atmos. Flight System Mission Ops. 5.07

Atmos. Flight Sys. Mgmt. 5.01.01

Sys. Engr. 5.02.01

Mission Assur. Mgmt. 5.03.01

Airplane Mgmt. 5.04.01

Configuration & Performance 5.04.02

Instrument Mgmt 5.05.01

W/T Testing 5.06.01

Mission Ops. Mgmt. 5.07.01

Atmos. Flight Sys. Bus. Mgmt. 5.01.02

Mission Design & Nav. 5.02.02

System Safety 5.03.02

Power S/s 5.04.03

C&DH S/s 5.04.04

Instrument I & T 5.05.02

Deployment & Drop Tests 5.06.02

Mission Ops. Support 5.07.02

V&V 5.02.03

Reliability 5.03.03

Telecom S/s 5.04.05

Airframe & Mechanisms S/s 5.04.06

Magnetometer 5.05.03

Materials & Manufac. Validation Testing 5.06.03

Atmos. Flight Reconstruction 5.07.03

I&T 5.02.04

Environments 5.03.04

Propulsion S/s 5.04.07

GN&C S/s 5.04.08

Mass Spectrometer 5.05.04

Pullout Decelerator Development 5.06.04

S/C Integration 5.02.05

Quality Assurance 5.03.05

Flight Software 5.04.09

Pullout Decelerator 5.04.10

Point Spectrometer 5.05.05

Science Instruments 5.06.05

Risk Mgmt. 5.02.06

EEE Parts Eng'g 5.03.06

Airplane Test Beds 5.04.11

Airplane I&T 5.04.12

Imagers 5.05.06 (Context) (Video)

Config. Mgmt. 5.02.07

Materials & Processes 5.03.07

Planetary Protection 5.02.08

Contamination Cntl 5.03.08

Info. Mgmt. 5.02.09

Mission Ops Assurance 5.03.09

IV&V 5.03.10

Work Breakdown Structure

WBS is an essential tool for:
Defining the total work content and assigning responsibilities Allocating requirements Developing schedules Estimating budget Allocating, controlling and reporting costs and other resources Assessing performance against the plan

 A complete narrative description of the specific work content of each element, defined with sufficient detail.
5.04.02: Structures and Mechanisms - Includes all design, testing, manufacturing of the airframe, deployment, hinging, latching, and energy absorbing mechanisms. This element also includes all control surfaces and the associated actuators, controllers, linkages, and other elements necessary to move the control surfaces. All tooling necessary for manufacturing the structures and mechanisms are included in this element. All materials testing necessary to determine and quantify structural properties for the material systems or the manufacturing methods are included in this element. All brackets, fasteners and other elements necessary for supporting, and isolating the remaining airplane subsystems and the science payload are included in this element. All pyrotechnically actuated cable cutters used for airplane deployment and deployment or release of any aerodynamic decelerator are included with this element. All aeroshell mounted or spider mounted pyrotechnically actuated fasteners or cable cutters are not included with this effort. All efforts associated with ensuring the hardware systems comply with the environment and achieve the proper level of space flight qualification are included with this effort. All efforts associated with defining, designing, manufacturing, testing, and characterizing the optical viewing windows for the Point Spectrometer and Context Camera are included with this effort. All efforts associated with defining, designing, manufacturing, testing, and characterizing the mounting for the tail mounted Video Camera are included with this effort.

WBS Dictionary

The Who: Organizational Breakdown Structure

Organizational family tree used to define responsibility
Project Management

Project Systems Engineering CoInvestigators

Science Payload Disciplinary specialists

Spacecraft Flight System Disciplinary specialists

Mission System Disciplinary specialists

The When: Project Schedule

Provides a framework of time-phased and coordinated activities which represent the plan for completing the project within established constraints Used:
To integrate all elements of a project as a function of time and flow For project management control As a communication tool across the project team As a basis for assessing project status To time phase resources with requirements

Project Schedule Development Process

Define project requirements Establish WBS Determine the project activities and flow Develop top-down schedule constraints and flexibility Develop detailed bottoms-up schedules Link the lower and upper level schedule information Perform schedule review and gain approval Iterate until commitment is achieved by all participants

Project Schedule Development

Inputs
Major schedule milestones Major deliverables Technical specifications WBS WBS dictionary OBS Historical data

Outputs
Integrated project schedule Networks (flow) Critical path analysis Detailed schedules Milestone summaries Rec/dels

Typical Master Schedule Milestones

NASA Phases JPL Life Cycle Phases Major Project Reviews
APPROVAL

FORMULATION Pre-Phase A: Phase A: Advanced Mission & Systems Studies Definition Concept Review Phase B: Preliminary Design Project PDR Phase C: Design & Build

IMPLEMENTATION Phase D: ATLO Phase E: Operations

STEP 1 TMC

STEP 2 PMSR TMC

Project Assembly, Operations Post CDR Test & & Mission Launch Launch Readiness Assmnt Operation Reviews Review Readiness ORR & PLAR Review MRR ARR

Critical Events Readiness Review CERR

Major NASA Enterprise Reviews Major Events

Concept/ Proposal Review

Initial Confirmation Confirmation Review Review ICR CR

Mission Briefing

Down Select for STEP 1

Notes:

Commitment, Contract Select for STEP 2

Launch

Schedule Formats
Gantt or Bar Charts Milestone or Event Charts Networks (Enhanced) Gantt Charts

All may be used to show data from any project schedule

Bar Charts
Activity #1

Activity #2

Activity #3

Activity #4

Activity #n

Time
Displays activities or events against time. Bars represent duration of a single activity with appropriate start and stop dates. Open bars indicate work planned. Closed bars indicate work completed.

Milestone or Event Charts

Activity #1

Activity #2

Activity #3

Activity #4

Activity #n

Time
Displays activity milestones against time. Lines represent duration of a single activity with appropriate start and stop milestones. Open triangles indicate milestones planned. Closed triangles indicate milestones completed.

Bar and Milestone Format

Advantages
Simple communication tool; easy to understand Easy to update Good for project summary information

Disadvantages
Activity inter-relationship/dependencies not shown Difficult to assess resource status vs plan Doesnt weight critical activities

Network Format
Highlights activity flow, inter-dependencies
B 3 D 3 E 4 F 1 G 2 H 1 K 3 J 2

Start

A 2

I 2

L 1

End

C 5

Critical Path: The sequence of activities with the longest cumulative duration. (ABEIJKL = 17 days) Slack: The amount of time that an activity can be delayed without extending the completion date of the entire sequence. (ACGL has 7 days of slack)

(Enhanced) Gantt Chart

Combines Bar and Network formats
Activity #1

Activity #2

Activity #3

Activity #4

Activity #n Time

Critical Path Management

Critical path risk may be reduced by:
Running serial activities in parallel Addition of resources Shortening activity times (be careful!) Transferring resources (project staff) from slack activity paths to critical paths

Gantt Example: ARES Project Schedule

FY04 Task
Project Phases Key Project Milestones Flight Tests Science Instruments Magnetometer Mass Spectrometer Build EM Build FM Context Camera Point Spectrometer Integrate CC & PS Video Camera Aircraft (LaRC) Airframe (Aurora) EM FM STM FSW (Draper) Propulsion (LMA) Eng EM & Del-Qual Engine FM Prop System I&T Avionics (Draper) ATLO (LaRC) Carrier (LMA) STM/EM Entry System FM Entry System FSW Avionics & Sensors Structure Propulsion Assembly ATLO KSC I&T / Launch
Phase B PMSR PMSR FT-2

FY05
Phase C - Des

FY06

FY07

FY08

FY09
Phase E

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3
S/C Fab S/C Phase D A/P Fab A/P Phase D CDR PDR S/C ARR Confirmation Review A/P ARR Inheritance Review A/P ATLO Start S/C ATLO Start FT-3
Build FM Build EM Build & Test FM Build FM Build FM Build FM

MRR
Launch

Mars Arrival ORR

Science

Funded Schedule Margin

AFS:
2 months on all deliveries 3.5 months on I&T 1 month at CCAS

B-2

B-3A

B-3B

B-4A

B-4B

B-5A

Build FM

STM

Carrier Spacecraft:
B-3
STL

B-1

B-2

B-4

B-5

B-6

1 months on all deliveries 2 months on I&T 1 month at CCAS

Critical Path

Schedule Margin

Milestone

Bar/Milestone Example: ARES Phase B Schedule

Project Element
Proje ct Mile stone s
PMSR Inheritenc e Reviews PDR CRA/CR Pr oje ct Mgm t./Sys . Eng. Phase B Start/Ramp-up Level 2/3 Reqs ./ICD's Projec t Plan/PIP Delta-Cos t Ex erc ise Perf . Baseline Definitio n Atmos. Flight System Airpla ne Development/Tes t AFS Preliminary Des ign Level 3/4 Req.'s/ICD's Car rier /Entr y System Preliminary Des ig n Level 3/4 Req.'s/ICD's Mission System Preliminary Des ig n Level 3/4 Req.'s/ICD's
10 .8 5 6.74 Se pt Oct No v De c Ja n Fe b Mar Ap r May Ju n Ju l Au g Se pt Oct No v 9.78 6.78 35 .8 6 19 .8 5 6.78 Airpla ne Te ch. De v . Comple te 3.74 5.82 11 .0 3 2.72 6.78 Ba seline Definition for All S ystems Plans Complete Staffing Complete 0.74 1.02 1.02 0.82 CRA PDR CR PMSR

Duration (months )

2003
Se pt Oct No v De c Ja n Fe b Mar Ap r May

2004
Ju n Ju l Au g Se pt Oct No v

Historical Project Schedule Analysis

Example All Inherited Technology MGS Phase A 3 Phase B 3 Phase C 6 Fab 5 ATLO 9 Total 26

New Engineering
New Technology

Stardust, Genesis
CloudSAT GRACE

5
6 7

7
8 7

10
10 12

6
9 9

12
12 15

40
45 48

Moderately Complex Magellan Payload with New Odyssey Engineering Phoenix Moderately Complex Pathfinder, Deep Payload with New Impact, MER Technology Highly Complex Payload with New Engineering Highly Complex Payload with New Technology Mars Observer Voyager Galileo, Cassini, MSL

12

12

15

55

18

24

22

78

18

27

22

81

Typical Schedule Margin

Schedule Margin Rate

1 month/year

2 months/year

1 week/month (2.8 months/year)

Flight Projects

ATLO Start to Implementation Start Ship to Launch Site/ to Delivery to Instrument I&T ATLO/ Start to Delivery Instrument I&T To ATLO

Delivery to Launch Site to Launch

Definitions: Total Schedule = Planned Activities + Schedule Margin Schedule Margin = No Planned Activities, but Funded Schedule at Peak Workforce for that Mission Phase Schedule Margin Rate = Schedule Margin/(Planned Activity + Schedule Margin)

Earned Value Management

At any given time, the Project Manager should know:
What work has been completed? What is the cost estimate for the work completed? What was the cost estimate for the work scheduled? What are the variances? What work is scheduled to be completed? What is the cost estimate for work scheduled to be completed?

Earned value tools answer these questions by telling you what you got for the amount it cost you Earned value tools tells you what must be accomplished for the remaining dollars and the likelihood of achieving it

Plan vs Actual: Overrun or Ahead of Schedule?

Time Now
Total Budget Ahead of schedule?

$
Overrun?

TIME

Earned Value Management Example

Actual Costs Actual Costs Planned Accomplishment Baseline Plan CV = Cost Variance

$
Actual Accomplishment

Earned Value

SV = Schedule Variance

TIME

TODAY