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Spectrum Holes
Main aspect: One main aspect of cognitive radio is related to autonomously exploiting locally unused spectrum to provide new paths to spectrum access.
Power
Frequency
Time
Spectrum in use by Primary user Spectrum Hole
Spectrum Utilization ?
Spectral Adaptation Waveforms
T I M E Frequency
Inability to differentiate interference from primary users and noise, and poor performance under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)values.
The cyclostationarity based detection algorithms can differentiate noise from primary users signals.
Why OFDM ?
OFDM symbols are used in this research because it supports broader bandwidth and is normally utilized in current MIMO technologies. The modulation scheme can be varied and the corresponding spectrum efficiency and spectrum utilization varies per modulation scheme. Limitations OFDM power leakages to adjacent channels
Disadvantages
Requires highly linear amplifiers Sensitive to Doppler Effect Guard-time introduces overhead
Research Goal ?
Using OFDM for DVB-T applications calculate the primary and secondary users Improve bandwidth by removing guard-band , BUT , will it have any impact on ICI? If ICI increases, then we should come up with something for better utilization . Cyclic prefix maybe . What to do with the received signal with lots of noise ? Maybe normalize the whole received spectrum and pick-up the most healthy spectrum .
QAM
Mapping
Up conversion
Pilot
Insertions
S-> P
IFFT
P -> S
Cyclic
Extension
Analog signal
QAM mapping is a block that groups these bits together as per modulation schemes: N=1 for BPSK, N=2 for QPSK and n-QAM for higher orders
These carriers are centered around fo , the time domain representation becomes
Where T is the period of sampling frequency. This can be represented in complex vector as
The simplified complex form follows the modulation scheme, hence making:
After complex vector multiplication, real signal part can be estimated as:
Cyclic Extension
Last serial samples are added to next OFDM frame by cyclic extension
How its done ? Lets see some basics and maths behind cyclic extension and Spectral correlation function to see its significance
Cyclostationary Features
A very simple periodic signal
Considering a is of random wide-sense spectrum nature, we can auto-correlate and can compute the power spectral density Auto-correlation of a Power spectral density of a can be found by
Keeping that in mind the Power Spectral Density of x(t) can be found by : Problem with the above equation ? No sine wave components presents
A simple quadratic function Which can be reduced to Furthermore b(t) has a DC component that should appear at f=0
The last approximations were to concentrate on the received signals at the center frequency as if they were passed through a narrowband filter
BPF
f + /2
f + /2
+ /2
j2t
v(t)
BPF
v
-/2
Serial Conversion
Coding - Continued
Cyclic Prefix addition
Coding Continued
SCF Function
The Plots
The Outcomes
Outcomes - Continued
PSD while utilizing SCF
Outcomes -Continued
Detected primary and secondary users around centre frequency in the absence of SCF
Reduced noise-bed and detected primary and secondary users around center frequency in the presence of SCF