Managing Governance 0809

3 aspects that differentiate government form other institutions and activities:

Breadth of scope Public accountability Political character

Less efficient? government is different because government is politics

Public administration as normative science. Administrative man, not economic man. Bounded rationality A true scientific method be used in the study of administrative phenomena, use logical positivism, and decision making as the heart of true administration Refuted the principles of POSDCORB merely proverbs

 Administrative efficiency is increased by a specialization of the task among the group Administrative efficiency is increased by arranging the members of the group in a determinate hierarchy of authority Administrative efficiency is increased by limiting the span of control at any point in the hierarchy to a small number Administrative efficiency is increased by grouping the workers, for the purposes of control, according to purpose, process, clientele and place.

Validity easily subjected to empirical test?

Before principles, first develop concepts, operation definitions Concern: how an organization should be constructed and operated in order to accomplish its work efficiently Factors of efficiency: (a) limits of ability to perform and (2) limits on ability to make correct decisions bounded rationality Science, yes; but separate value from fact

Doubts orthodox ideology, that execution can be made into a science Attacked the notion of immutable principles of administration, the inconsistencies of the methodology used in determining them, and the narrowness of the values of economy and efficiency public administration as an essential element of democratic governance suggests the term public management as opposed to public administration Debated with Herbert Simon Bring state, politics, bureaucracy VALUES back into the discussion Minnowbrook conference - NPA

Best Possible Man, Best Possible Work, Best Possible Effect to increase job efficiency, worker productivity, and satisfaction was to hire workers for positions that fit their emotional and mental abilities

Natural antagonism of workman against the employer Employers must: build up certain attitudes Bossism no orders at all Solution? Depersonalize the giving of order Law of the Situation

 General upward trend on production, independent of any of the changes made Findings did not mesh with the then current theory of Taylor, that workers were motivated solely by self-interest The women exercising a new freedom, formed a social atmosphere. Workplaces are social environments. People are motivated by much more than economic interest. All aspects of the industrial environment carried social value.

Acceptance Theory of Authority: managers only have as much authority as employees allow them to have.
Acceptance depends on:

Employees must understand what the manager wants them to do Employees must be able to comply with the directive Employees must think that the directive is in keeping with organizational objectives Employees must think that the directive is not contrary to their personal goals.

defining of objectives for each employee and then comparing and directing their performance against the objectives which have been set avoid 'the activity trap MBO principles are:
Cascading of organizational goals and objectives, Specific objectives for each member, Participative decision making, Explicit time period, and Performance evaluation and feedback

Objectives for MBO must be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Specific)

Supervisor

Subordinate

Theory X

Theory Y

Management is responsible for Management is responsible for organizing the elements of organizing the elements of productive enterprise in the interest productive enterprise in the interest of economic ends of economic ends Directing efforts, motivating, controlling Without active intervention by management, workers would be passive People are not by nature passive they have only become so The motivations are all present in people, the management does not put them there

Man is by nature indolent, lacks The essential task of management ambition, self-centered, resistant to is to arrange organizational change, gullible conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals by directing their own efforts toward organizational concerns

Theory Z managers assume the average workers want to be involved in managing a company and building trust among all organizational members is central to raising productivity

Assumptions Theory X Workers motivation

Theory Y

Theory Z Employees are motivated by a strong sense of commitment to be part of something worthwhile (self-actualization)

The only motivation Employees are that works for motivated by their employees is money needs to fulfill their social, esteem, selfactualization and security

Workers attitude toward work

The employees dislikeEmployees see work as Employees will not only work, avoids a natural activity and seek out opportunities for responsibility, and will seek out responsibility, they crave seeks only security opportunities to have opportunities to advance from work increased and learn more about the responsibility and company understanding of their tasks workers will respond lifetime employment best to favorable result in strong bonds of working conditions that loyalty, long term do not pose threats or employment, shared strong control responsibility for decisions

What will work workers will only with respond to coercion, employers control, direction, or threatening, punishment or firing

Single-loop learning double-loop learning

14 Points Create constancy of purpose and continual improvement Adopt the new (Japanese) philosophy Do not depend on (quality) inspection build quality into the product and process Choose quality suppliers over low cost suppliers Improve constantly Training on the job Leadership not supervision Eliminate fear Break down internal barriers Eliminate slogans (exhortations) Eliminate numerical targets Remover barriers to worker satisfaction including annual appraisals Encourage self improvement and education for all Everyone is responsible for continual improvement in quality and productivity particularly top management