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Isotonic imbalances
- Water and electrolytes (sodium) are retained in isotonic proportions
Osmolar imbalances
- Losses or gains of water only
Causes:
1. Abnormal loss of body fluids
e.g. vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, hemorrhage, 3rd spacing, polyuria
2. oral intake
Neurologic problems thirst sensation Nausea Inability to gain access to fluids
s/sx
Acute weight loss skin turgor, dry skin and mucous membranes Oliguria, Thirst temp Muscle weakness, cramps Delayed capillary refill Postural hypotension tachycardia
(hypovolemic shock)
Cool, clammy skin from vasoconstriction CVP Weak, thready or absent pulse LOC
Management:
Laboratories Hct, S. Osm. U. Sp. Gr. K+ and Na+ levels
may vary according to underlying disorder Normal crea, BUN
1. Fluid replacement IV fluids: isotonic, followed by hypotonic Blood transfusion for hemorrhage 2. Vasopressors for shock: NE or dopamine 3. O2 as needed for decreased tissue perfusion
Nursing management
1. Prevent fld. vol. deficit: identify patients at risk 2. Monitor fluid status - MIO - Daily wt. - V/S pulse, postural BP(report for 25 mmHg systole) - Skin turgor and mucous membrane status - U. Sp. Gr. - Monitor mental status for s/sx of tissue perfusion
3. Correct fluid volume deficiency - Offer fluids at regular intervals; take note of patients likes and dislikes, and type of fluid lost - Offer antiemetics if with nausea - Maintain patent IV - Administer fluids, vasopressors, and blood a.d.
4. Prevent complications Frequent turning and skin and oral care Monitor for s/sx of fluid overload secondary to fluid replacement
causes
Fluid overload
Overinfusion of fluids
JVD Crackles HPN Tachycardia, with full bounding pulse Acute in wt S/SX UO SOB Wheezing, RR Edema: dependent, ascites, pulmonary
LABS
Normal S. Na+ (Hemodilution) BUN, Hct CXR- pulmonary congestion/effusion Low S. K+, BUN
MANAGEMENT
Relieve underlying cause
E.g. d/c Na+containing IV fluids
Pharmacologic therapy
Mild to moderate thiazide diuretics Severe loop diuretics Lanoxin for CHF Morphine for pulmonary edema ACEI
Symptomatic treatment
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
Fluid restriction Na+ restriction (Normal intake : 6-15g/day) mild 4-5 g/day moderate 2 g/day severe 0.5g/d Substitute flavorings with lemon juice, onions, garlic Check labels CHON intake for those with low serum CHON
Nursing management
1. Prevent fluid volume excess Encourage adherence to Na+-restricted diet
2. Detect and control fluid volume excess
Control FVE:
- Rest to hasten diuresis; avoid prolonged standing - Elevate LEs, except in severe edema - Institute fluid and Na+ restriction as indicated
- Cold fluids to thirst sensation
3. Reduce complications
Regular turning and positioning to prevent skin breakdown - Keep patients heel off the matress Monitor serum electrolytes if on diuretics Elevate HOB 30-45 degrees to venous return
causes
1. intake of water 2. Excess loss of water without loss of solutes 3. Increased solute intake without sufficient water 4. Excess acummulation of solutes secondary to a dse/condition Dysphagia, stroke, coma, debilitated, NPO status Tachypnea, diaphoresis, DI, watery diarrhea Hypertonic fluid infusion; TPN
Hyperglycemia, DKA
Wt loss Thirst
s/sx
Weakness Poor skin turgor Dry, flushed skin temp Sunken eyeballs Oliguria (except for osmotic diuresis, DI) Dry, cracked tongue tears CNS: confusion, restlessness, delirium; may lead to cerebral hemorrhage and coma
Severe
Circulatory collapse tachycardia hypotension lethargy, coma
Labs
(hemoconcentration)
Management
1. Replace fluids
Hypotonic, low- Na+ flds (avoid hypertonic solutions)
Nursing management
1. Prevent DHN: identify and monitor pts at risk
MIO, V/S, wt, LOC,
2. Replace fluids
p.o. for mild moderate losses Administer hypotonic IV solutions a.d. - @ slow rate to prevent cerebral edema
3. Ensure pt safety
Side rails up
causes
Psychogenic polydipsia, tap water enemas, use hypotonic fluids for irrigation, overinfusion of hypotonic fluids SIADH, oat-cell lung CA, stress heart failure, renal failure Diuretic therapy w/ low salt intake
ADH secretion
confusion and disorientation headache, N/V muscle weakness/ twitching SZ late signs: pupillary changes, bradycardia (slow, bounding pulse), widened pulse pressure
Management
Labs 1. ICP
Na+
Osmotic diuretics Corticosteroids Restrict oral and parenteral fluids Avoid hypotonic solns until S. NA+ normalizes Hypertonic solutions in severe cases
Nursing management
1. Monitor
a. neurologic status: LOC, V/S, reflexes, pupillary changes; refer for any changes b. Fluid status : MIO, wts, laboratory results (S. Na+, S. Osm.)
2. Restrict fluids as ordered 3. administer hypo- or hypertonic fluids carefully 4. Monitor infusion rates carefully
6. Provide safe envt and SZ precautions if with behavioral changes 7. Monitor patients who are taking large amounts of water p.o., rectally, or IV for s/sx of water intoxication
Reflects inability of lymphatic system to circulate a manifestation, not a disease Acute and serious problem
cause
hydrostatic pressure
s/sx
No change in wt pallor, cool extremities, oliguria; weak, rapid pulse; BP; LOC s/sx of organ or nerve compression BUN, Hct, Na+, urine Sp. Gr.
Bounding pulse, crackles, engorgement of veins in periphery, JVD, HPN Hct, BUN
Management
1. Identify and tx underlying cause 2. Pericardiocentesis, thoracentesis, paracentesis to remove fluid 3. Restore fluids
a. Isotonic fld to replace intravascular volume - IV infusion will not resolve the problem b. Albumin (once capillary has healed) to promote restoration of oncotic pressure -
Nursing management
1. Monitor v/s q hr if with shock-like symptoms 2. Monitor IV fluid replacement needs
Monitor for s/sx of hypervolemia
3. Measure abdominal girth q8hrs, leg circumference 4. Assess peripheral pulses 5. Prevent skin breakdown 6. MIO qhr; report if UO <0.5ml/kg/hr for 2 consecutive hours 7. Monitor plasma BUN and crea; urine Sp. Gr. and osm.