UNIT II

Photogrammetry

 Introduction The photogrammetry has been derived from three Greek words: Photos: means light Gramma: means something drawn or written Metron: means to measure

The method was first applied by a French engineer (Laussedal) in 1861

Photogrammetry
Is the act of making plans or maps from photographs. It differs from conventional survey by minimizing the field work.

Photogrammetry is the technique of

measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs

Its most important feature is the fact, that the objects are measured without being touched.

PHOTOGRAMMETRY
objects are measured WITHOUT TOUCHING. It is a REMOTESENSING technique. It is a close range method of measuring objects. It is a 3-dimensional coordinate measuring
technique that uses PHOTORAPHS fundamental medium for measurement. as the

Is This a real CAR ? ?

NOW YOU CAN TELL !!

Broad Areas of Photogrammetry

Metric Photogrammetry Making precise measurements from the photos. Interpretative Photogrammetry Identifying objects from the photo.

Branches of Photogrammetry
Terrestrial Photography Aerial Photography Satellite Photography

Stereoscopic Photography Photos taken in pairs at cameras at two ends of a base line.

Application of Photographic Survey

Construction of planimetric and topographic maps.

Mountains and hilly areas can be surveyed easily.

Most suitable for reconnaissance. Suitable for inaccessible areas, forbidden property and hazardous area. Acquisition of military intelligence. Mapping geology and soil. Urban area mapping.

Principles of Photogrammetry
Triangulation Involves measurements of horizontal angle between the stations of a triangular network. Trilateration - Involves measurements of horizontal distance between the stations of a triangular network.

Definitions
Focal Length Distance between the film plane and focal point (optical center of the lens) Principle Focal Length in a lens all parallel rays will be focused to a point referred to as the principal focal point. The distance from the lens to that point is the principal focal length f of the lens.

Terrestrial Photography
Photographs are taken from the Earth surface and is used to measure the position and elevation of a point. The procedure is similar to the plane table surveying. The field work consists of
i. Reconnaissance ii. Triangulation iii. Camera Work

Phototheodolite
Combination of camera and theodolite. Components
Camera Box and Plates Vertical Frame (two wires crossing each other, gives the principle point) Tangent Scale Compass Photographic Plate Telescope

Types of Terrestrial Photogrammetry

Static Photos of stationary objects. Slow, high resolution films are used with long exposure Dynamic Photos of moving objects. Fast films and short exposure are used

Application of Terrestrial Photogrammetry

Mapping rugged terrain. Topographic mapping Used in gorges and rugged mountains Construction sites, excavation and mining. Agri, forestry, archeology, architecture, medicine and dentistry etc In measuring speed of vehicles, water current, plant growth.

Aerial Photography
Photographs taken from air through plane. Can be taken whenever needed unlike satellite imagery. Can have a very high resolution images but can cover very small area. Gives the advantages of getting stereoscopic images.

Classification
Vertical Photo Taken with vertical camera axis (more or less) If the photo perfectly vertical it is called truly vertical. And if there are some unintentional tilts (1o 3o ) it is tilted photo.

Cont
Oblique Photos Photos taken with intentional tilt away from vertical.
A High Oblique Photo Shows horizon A Low Oblique Photo Do not show horizon

Basic Definitions
Flight Strip Photos are taken along a series of parallel passes.

Cont
Side (Lateral) Lap Usually the photos are taken in such a way that the area covered by each successive photos along a flight strip overlaps a part of previous flight strip. (20 -25%) End Lap Overlapping in successive photos in a single flight strip. (60 65%)

Cont
Exposure Station Position of camera at each exposure Flying Height Altitude of the camera Block Two or more side overlapping strips used to cover an area.

Application
Topographic mapping Small scale map used for planning and designing Land surveying, boundary mapping Map rugged terrain Saves time and less field work Forestry, Geology, Irrigation etc

USES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Construction of planimetric and topographic maps. Mountainous and hilly areas with less number of trees can be very

satisfactorily surveyed.
Aerial surveying is most suitable for reconnaissance. Suitable for inaccessible regions, forbidden properties, unhealthy regions, like material affected areas. Acquisition of military intelligence. Interpretation of geology and soil details. Has been largely used for the surveys of building.

Applications of photogrammetry

Photogrammetry has been used for many field applications Aerial photographs are used for reconnaissance of large scale engineering and development projects Its important field application is preparation of maps and revision of existing maps. Surveys for assessing the natural disasters like earthquake, floods, etc for assessing the crop disease and industrial waste on land and water. It provides information required planning for land drainage , irrigation and flood prevention. Frequent air-surveys are very much useful for flood control planning. Assessment of forestry and geological details can be done by photogrammetric studies. Suitable road and rail alignments can be studied both for traffic flow and economy of construction. Estate management and economic planning for town and country planning may be made using air survey and individual photographs.

Image Interpretation Keys

The Factors that helps in identifying the feature on an Satellite or Aerial Images/ Photos are called Image Interpretation Keys.

Keys
Size Shape Tone / Color Texture Pattern Association Shadow Site / Location

Size

Shape

Tone

Texture

Pattern

Association

Shadow

Site