epidemyology

Data from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet (released Jan. 26, 2011) Total prevalence of diabetes Total: 25.8 million children and adults in the United States8.3% of the populationhave diabetes. Diagnosed: 18.8 million people Undiagnosed: 7.0 million people Prediabetes: 79 million people* New Cases: 1.9 million new cases of diabetes are diagnosed in people aged 20 years and older in 2010.

Under 20 years of age 215,000, or 0.26% of all people in this age group have diabetes About 1 in every 400 children and adolescents has diabetes Age 20 years or older 25.6 million, or 11.3% of all people in this age group have diabetes Age 65 years or older 10.9 million, or 26.9% of all people in this age group have diabetes Men 13.0 million, or 11.8% of all men aged 20 years or older have diabetes Women 12.6 million, or 10.8% of all women aged 20 years or older have diabetes

Race and ethnic differences in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes After adjusting for population age differences, 2007-2009 national survey data for people diagnosed with diabetes, aged 20 years or older include the following prevalence by race/ethnicity: 7.1% of non-Hispanic whites 8.4% of Asian Americans 12.6% of non-Hispanic blacks 11.8% of Hispanics Among Hispanics rates were: 7.6% for Cubans 13.3% for Mexican Americans 13.8% for Puerto Ricans. Morbidity and Mortality In 2007, diabetes was listed as the underlying cause on 71,382 death certificates and was listed as a contributing factor on an additional 160,022 death certificates. This means that diabetes contributed to a total of 231,404 deaths.

etiology
I. Type 1 diabetes (beta cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency) A. Immune-mediated B. Idiopathic II. Type 2 diabetes (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance) III. Other specific types of diabetes A. Genetic defects of beta cell function characterized by mutations in: 1. Hepatocyte nuclear transcription factor (HNF) 4 (MODY 1) 2. Glucokinase (MODY 2) 3. HNF-1 (MODY 3) 4. Insulin promoter factor-1 (IPF-1; MODY 4) 5. HNF-1 (MODY 5) 6. NeuroD1 (MODY 6) 7. Mitochondrial DNA 8. Subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium channel 9. Proinsulin or insulin

B. Genetic defects in insulin action 1. Type A insulin resistance 2. Leprechaunism 3. Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome 4. Lipodystrophy syndromes C. Diseases of the exocrine pancreaspancreatitis, pancreatectomy, neoplasia, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis, fibrocalculous pancreatopathy, mutations in carboxyl ester lipase D. Endocrinopathiesacromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, glucagonoma, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroidism, somatostatinoma, aldosteronoma E. Drug- or chemical-inducedglucocorticoids, vacor (a rodenticide), pentamidine, nicotinic acid, diazoxide, -adrenergic agonists, thiazides, hydantoins, asparaginase, -interferon, protease inhibitors, antipsychotics (atypicals and others), epinephrine F. Infectionscongenital rubella, cytomegalovirus, coxsackievirus G. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes "stiff-person" syndrome, anti-insulin receptor antibodies H. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes Wolfram's syndrome, Down's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, Huntington's chorea, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, porphyria, Prader-Willi syndrome IV. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) Increase of metabolism demand.