Mass Estimate of Black Hole Candidates GRS 1758-258 and GX339-4 Based on a Transition Layer Model of the Accretion

Disk and a Search for X-ray Jets in GRS 1758-258

Nathan D. Bezayiff, David M. Smith University of California Santa Cruz

Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics Seminar May 23, 2006

GX 339-4 and GRS 1758-258 are Low Mass X-Ray Binary Systems
I.
II.

Companion Star is smaller than or equal to our sun.

Roche Lobe is the most common type of accretion.

III. If the point where the gravitational attraction between the two stars is equal (Inner Lagrange Point) occurs near the surface of the Companion Star, matter will be stripped from the Companion Star into an Accretion Disc that forms around the Compact Object.
IV. Matter falling into the black hole converts about half its graviational binding energy to radiation via viscosity; the other half will be released near the surface of the star.

Companion Star Jets Compact Object

Gravitational Attraction Between Both Stars equal

Accretion Disc

From http://lheawww.gsfc.nasa.gov/~still/research/corr.html

Motivation For Development of the Transition Layer Model to Determine the Mass of Black Holes
1. 2. In a Low-Mass X-Ray Binary System, no knowledge of any of the parameters of the companion are required. The parameters required to determine the mass of a black hole only depend on the Energy Spectrum Power Law Index and Power Density Quasi Periodic Oscillation Frequency.

3.

GRS 1758-258, 1E 1740.7-2942, and GX 339-4 are black holes where companion information does not exist. Hence their mass must be determined by another method.
May help to classify objects as neutron stars or black holes easier. If saturation of the Power-Law Indices is observed, the object is a black hole. If no saturation of the Power-Law Indices are observed, the object may be a neutron star.

4.

Proportional Counter Array of Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Provides Timing, Energy Spectra

Energy range: 2 - 60 keV Energy resolution: < 18% at 6 keV Time resolution: 1 microsec Spatial resolution: collimator with 1 degree FWHM Detectors: 5 proportional counters Collecting area: 6500 square cm Layers: 1 Propane veto; 3 Xenon, each split into two; 1 Xenon veto layer

Obtaining the PLI and QPO from a given observation for GRS 1758-25
Normalized counts/sec/keV

First, Get the Power Law Index

Interstellar Absorption Power Law Component

Residuals

Channel Energy (keV)

Power Density [(Rms/Mean)^2/Hz]

Obtain the Quasi Periodic Oscillation Frequency in the Power Density Spectra

QPO

Frequency (Hz)

(PLI) Power Law Index-Quasi Periodic Oscillation (QPO) curve

Power Law Index

Harmonic Pair?

Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) freq (Hz)

TRANSITION LAYER MODEL (VERY BASIC)

1. The Optical Depth () is related to the accretion rate (dM/dt) 2. The Power Law Index, G is related to the Optical Depth,. 3. The Power Law Index is related to dM/dt 4. The QPO frequency is related to the Transition Layer Outer Radius
(33 kB)

5. The Transition Layer is Related to dM/dt

6. Thus, sine both G and n are both related to dM/dt, they are related to each other.

QuasiPeriodic Oscillation Correlations of two black holes related by shift in QPO frequency, n2=(m1/m2) n1

Best Fit Mass GRS 1758-258 2.3 .00m

GRS 1915 + 105

GRS 1758-258

1. The Fit is Poor and the Curve is the Wrong Shape

2. There are two more free parameters

we can adjust A, d. They are found from the relation between t and the Reynolds number g, t=A gd.

3. We Can Allow A, d, and the mass to Vary and fit them freely for the Black Hole as

1. If we assume GRS 1758-258 and GRS1915+105 have

the same t=A gd (A=1.0, d = 1.25) then the best fit mass is m=2.3.0m

3. If t(g) is different for GRS 1758-258, our best fits have A=1.0, d is 0.95), and the best fit mass is m=9.3+.05-3.3m

A, d are clearly important in the shift between QPO-PLI Correlations from one black hole to another. A, d, and the mass are not orthogonal.
Below, curve families of A, m, d.

Mass varies

A varies

varies

A, constant

Mass, constant

A, mass constant

Reduced chi square space for GX339-4 One of A,m,d is held constant at best fit parameters. ,Constant, Mass-A varied A constant, M- varied

Mass (M)

Mass constant, -A varied

Mass (M )

Transition Layer Model More Complicated for GX 339-4

Power Law Index Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) freq (Hz)

GX 339-4 Blue Count Rate > 500 cts/sec Red < 500 Cts/sec Blue 2002 Outburst, Red is 2004, 2003, 2005 Outburst

Power Law Index Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) freq (Hz)

GX 339-4 Low, Best Fit Parameters A= 0.75, Mass=2.68M, =1.6

Power Law Index

2.05 0.0 M

Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) freq (Hz)

GX 339-4 High, Best Fit Parameters A=0.65, Mass=2.35 M, =2.35

Power Law Index

2.66 +0.04 0.05 M

Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO) freq (Hz)

CONCLUSIONS FOR TRANSITION LAYER MODEL 1. Certain parameters need to be better constrained in the TL model, i.e., A, d, saturation 2. Wed like to do the analysis considering the other harmonics as the fundamental frequency. 3. GRS 1758-258 appears to be the type of black hole that the transition layer model may apply to. 4. The Transition Layer Model predicts a possible neutron star mass for GX 339-4. Better fits and

Part II: Search For X-Ray Jets in GRS 1758-258

Motivation For X-Ray Jet Search For GRS 1758-258

1. Persistent Radio Jets Have Been Seen in GRS 1758258. 2. A Persistent Extension Has Been Seen in Cygnus X-3. 3. Might GRS 1758-258 have X-ray jets too?
Extension

The Chandra HRC-I is excellent for Imaging X-Ray Sources

1. 0.13 per pixel Resolution 2. Large uniform field of view (31 x 31 arc minutes) 3. Large uniform field of view (31 x 31 arc minutes) 4. High time resolution over the entire field of view (16 microseconds) 5. Low background (4 x 10^-6 cts/s/arcsec) High Resolution Camera HRC-I Chandra Satellite

Raw Data From HRC-I

GRS 1758-258 Observation 2718

Each Pixel is 0.13

Slice Angle (Degrees) Heindl Astrophys J. 578,2 L125

Point Spread Function Sigma

Fit Gaussians to Slices, Look For Unusual Standard Deviations

Gaussian Fits of Slices Through Center Yield No X-Ray Jets

1E 1740.7-2942

GRS 1758-258

Cygnus X-3

AR Lacertae

Radio Jets Have Been Seen in GRS 1758-258. Thus, We Looked For X-Ray Jets in Radio Centers

No Jets Found In Regions Corresponding To, or Perpendicular To Radio Jets

South Lobe Signal/Noise Ratio Counts/Area 0.72 North Lobe 1.47

1.07

1..34 9. 6e-3 %

% of GRS 1758 7.66e-3 % Core Brightness Needed for 3-Sigma Detection Counts/Area % of GRS 1758 Core Brightness 1.18 8.45e-3 %

1..39 9. 9e-3 %

Finally, We Took Azimuthal Slices Around GRS 1758-258

We Found An Extension . . .

Signal/Noise

Counts in Counts/Area 12.2 arcsec^2 region

136 Degrees
316 Degrees

4.07
2.90

200
177 126

16.4
14.5 10.3

Avg Background ----

But It Is A Detector Artifact

Merged Data; Roll Angle=270 Merged Data; Roll Angle=90

1.The spacecraft orientation is 90 or 270 degrees. If the extension was real, it should be present no matter how I orient the Satellite. 2. Upon rotating the satellite, the extension rotates also, so the extension must be part of the satellite. 3. From the Chandra Handbook, a ghost artifact, a secondary image, appears on one side of every source, due to the Saturation of the High Gain Amplifiers. The brightness of the ghost image is reported to be 0.1% of the source. 4. The fake jet is about 0.01% of the brightness of the center of the source.

5. Thus we conclude the extension is an artifact of the satellite.

Expected Signals if GRS 1758-258 Was Similar to Other Black Holes

What Would The Size of the Jet Be?
J GRS _ Expected J BH ( RGRS / RBH )( DBH / DGRS )

What Would The Flux of the Jet Be?

FGRS FBH ( FGRS _ PS / FBH _ PS )
BH= Black Hole GRS is being compared to, PS=Point Source or Central Compact Region, R=Radius, D=Distance to compact object, J=size of Jet in Arcsecs, F=Flux of Jet in ergs/sec/cm^2

Black Holes Most Similar to GRS 1758-258

XTE J1550-564 H1743-322

Cygnus X-3

M87

GRS 1758-258

width

height

comments

H1743-322 1.88 X 1.88 ejected Cygnus X-3 5.88 X 2.35 persistent/ continuous XTE J1550-564 5.1 X 2.55 ejected M87 (with BH mass scaled) 1.48E-4 X 1.4E-5 persistent/ continuous M87 (without BH mass scake) 44,470 X 4,447 persistent/ Persistent=appeared in all observations, continuous=connected to central source, ejected=separated continuous from central source GRS_jet_flux ergs/sec/cm^2 1.32e-14 3.27e-12 5.21e-13 6e-8 WebPimms cts/sec 9.55e-5 0.023 3.76e-3 452.7 cts/ arcsec^2 1.55 95.8 139.5 1.6e16 Could we detect this? No Yes Yes Yes

X-Ray Jet Flux H1743-322 Cygnus X-3 XTE J1550-564 M87 Radio Jet Flux

H1743-322 Cygnus X-3 XTE J1550-564 M87 (no radio data)

~e-17 2.46e-12 1.73e-13

7.23e-8 0.018 1.23e-3

1.0e-3 75.18 45..92

No Yes Yes

Conclusions For X-Ray Jet Search of GRS 1758258 1. No Jets Were Found With Chandra Observations. 2. If GRS 1758-258 Was Similar to Black Holes M87, Cygnus X-3, or XTE J1550-564, We Should Have Seen X-Ray Jets Based on Rough Estimates. If GRS 1758-258 is More Similar to H1743-322, We Would Not Have Seen X-Ray Jets. 3. The Extension We Found Was a Property of the Chandra HRC-I Detector.