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2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter Objectives
The nature of electric charge
Interactions of electric charges
Coulombs law
The concept of electric field
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Chapter Outline
1. Electric Charge
2. Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
3. Coulombs Law
4. Electric Field and Electric Forces
5. Electric-Field Calculations
6. Electric Field Lines

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric charge is a fundamental attribute of
particles.

Electrostatics are defined as the interactions
between electric charges that are at rest (or nearly
so).

The figure shows some experiments used to
demonstrate electrostatics.


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21.1 Electric Charge


Fig. 21.1
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The Triboelectric Series
No! No!
When two of the following materials are rubbed together under
ordinary circumstances, the top listed material becomes
positively charged and the lower listed material becomes
negatively charged.

MORE POSITIVE
rabbit's fur
glass
mica
nylon
wool
cat's fur
silk
paper
cotton
wood
acrylic
cellophane tape
polystyrene
polyethylene
rubber balloon
saran wrap
MORE NEGATIVE
No! No!
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Complete the following statement: When a glass rod is rubbed with
silk cloth, the rod becomes positively charged as

a) negative charges are transferred from the rod to the silk.

b) negative charges are transferred from the silk to the rod.

c) positive charges are created on the surface of the rod.

d) positive charges are transferred from the silk to the rod.

e) positive charges are transferred from the rod to the silk.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Complete the following statement: When a glass rod is rubbed with
silk cloth, the rod becomes positively charged as

a) negative charges are transferred from the rod to the silk.

b) negative charges are transferred from the silk to the rod.

c) positive charges are created on the surface of the rod.

d) positive charges are transferred from the silk to the rod.

e) positive charges are transferred from the rod to the silk.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electrostatics experiments show that there are
exactly two kinds of electric charge, negative and
positive.

Two positive charges or two negative charges
repel each other. A positive charge and a
negative charge attract each other.


2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The atomic structure consists of three particles: the
negatively charged electron, the positively charged
proton, and the uncharged neutron.

Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus while
electrons orbit it from a distance.

The figure shows how changes in the atomic
structure of lithium determines its net electric
charge.
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21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
Fig. 21.4
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
Atomic number is defined as the number of
protons or electrons in a neutral atom of an
element.

A positive ion is formed by removing one or more
electrons from an atom; a negative ion is one that
has gained one or more electrons. This process is
called ionization.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
When the total number of protons equals the total
number of electrons in a macroscopic body, its total
charge is zero and the body as a whole is
electrically neutral.

When we speak of the charge of a body, we always
mean its net charge.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The Principle of Conservation of Charge: The
algebraic sum of all the electric charges in any
closed system is constant.

In any charging process, charge is not created or
destroyed but merely transferred from one body to
another.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.1 Electric Charge
Electric Charge and the Structure of Matter
The magnitude of charge of the electron or
proton is a natural unit of charge.

Every observable amount of electric charge on any
macroscopic body is always either zero or an
integer multiple (positive or negative) of this basic
unit, the electron charge quantization of charge.
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21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Conductors of electricity are materials that permit
electric charge to move easily through them;
Insulators do not.

Most metals are good conductors while most non-
metals are insulators. Semiconductors are
intermediate in their properties between good
conductors and good insulators.

The figure shows the use of copper as a good
conductor, and glass and nylon as good insulators.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Charging by induction is the process in which a
charged body can give another body a charge of
opposite sign without losing any of its own charge.

The figure shows the charging of a metal sphere by
induction.
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21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Fig. 21.5
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21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Fig. 21.6
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21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
Excess charges that develop in the region of a
body during electrical induction are called induced
charges.

The earth is a conductor, and it is so large that it
can act as an infinite source of extra electrons or
sink of unwanted electrons. The charge it acquires
via induction will be equal and opposite to the
charge remaining on the electrically induced body.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
An initially electrically neutral conducting sphere is placed on an
insulating stand. A negatively-charged glass rod is brought near,
but does not touch the sphere. Without moving the rod, a wire is
then attached to the sphere that connects it to earth ground. The
rod and wire are then removed simultaneously. What is the final
charge on the sphere?

a) negative

b) positive

c) neutral

d) It has a fifty percent chance of having a positive charge and a fifty
percent chance of having a negative charge.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
An initially electrically neutral conducting sphere is placed on an
insulating stand. A negatively-charged glass rod is brought near,
but does not touch the sphere. Without moving the rod, a wire is
then attached to the sphere that connects it to earth ground. The
rod and wire are then removed simultaneously. What is the final
charge on the sphere?

a) negative

b) positive

c) neutral

d) It has a fifty percent chance of having a positive charge and a fifty
percent chance of having a negative charge.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Three identical conducting spheres on individual insulating stands are initially
electrically neutral. The three spheres are arranged so that they are in a line and
touching as shown. A negatively-charged conducting rod is brought into contact
with sphere A. Subsequently, someone takes sphere C away. Then, someone
takes sphere B away. Finally, the rod is taken away. What is the sign of the
final charge, if any, of the three spheres?

A B C
a) + +

b) + +

c) + 0

d) + 0

e)
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Three identical conducting spheres on individual insulating stands are initially
electrically neutral. The three spheres are arranged so that they are in a line and
touching as shown. A negatively-charged conducting rod is brought into contact
with sphere A. Subsequently, someone takes sphere C away. Then, someone
takes sphere B away. Finally, the rod is taken away. What is the sign of the
final charge, if any, of the three spheres?

A B C
a) + +

b) + +

c) + 0

d) + 0

e)
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Three insulating balls are hung from a wooden rod using thread. The three balls are
then individually charged via induction. Subsequently, balls A and B are
observed to attract each other, while ball C is repelled by ball B. Which one of
the following statements concerning this situation is correct?

a) A and B are charged with charges of opposite
signs; and C is charged with charge that has the
same sign as B.

b) A and B are charged with charges of the same
sign; and C is electrically neutral.

c) A is electrically neutral; and C is charged with
charge that has the same sign as B.

d) B is electrically neutral; and C is charged with charge that has the same sign as A.

e) Choices a and c are both possible configurations.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Three insulating balls are hung from a wooden rod using thread. The three balls are
then individually charged via induction. Subsequently, balls A and B are
observed to attract each other, while ball C is repelled by ball B. Which one of
the following statements concerning this situation is correct?

a) A and B are charged with charges of opposite
signs; and C is charged with charge that has the
same sign as B.

b) A and B are charged with charges of the same
sign; and C is electrically neutral.

c) A is electrically neutral; and C is charged with
charge that has the same sign as B.

d) B is electrically neutral; and C is charged with charge that has the same sign as A.

e) Choices a and c are both possible configurations.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
In a metallic conductor, the mobile charges are
always negative electrons.

In ionic solutions and ionized gases, both positive
and negative charges are mobile.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
A charged body can exert forces even on objects
that are not charged themselves induced-charge
effect.

This is due to polarization, in which a charged
object of either sign exerts an attractive force on an
uncharged (neutral) insulator.



2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Coulombs Law states that:

The magnitude of the electric force between
two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

The directions of the forces the two charges exert
on each other are always along the line joining
them, as shown in the figure.
21.3 Coulombs Law
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21.3 Coulombs Law
Fig. 21.9
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21.3 Coulombs Law
Coulombs Law is usually written as:




where
2 2 9
0
2 2 12
0
/ 10 0 . 9
4
1
/ 10 854 . 8
C m N
m N C
- =
e
- = e

t
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
21.3 Coulombs Law
The most fundamental unit of charge is the
magnitude of the charge of an electron or proton,
denoted by e, where

e = 1.602176462(63) x 10
-19
C
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Consider the two charges shown in the drawing. Which of the following
statements correctly describes the direction of the electric force acting on
the two charges?




a) The force on q
1
points to the left and the force on q
2
points to the left.

b) The force on q
1
points to the right and the force on q
2
points to the left.

c) The force on q
1
points to the left and the force on q
2
points to the right.

d) The force on q
1
points to the right and the force on q
2
points to the right.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Consider the two charges shown in the drawing. Which of the following
statements correctly describes the direction of the electric force acting on
the two charges?




a) The force on q
1
points to the left and the force on q
2
points to the left.

b) The force on q
1
points to the right and the force on q
2
points to the left.

c) The force on q
1
points to the left and the force on q
2
points to the right.

d) The force on q
1
points to the right and the force on q
2
points to the right.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Consider the two charges shown in the drawing. Which of the following
statements correctly describes the magnitude of the electric force acting
on the two charges?




a) The force on q
1
has a magnitude that is twice that of the force on q
2
.

b) The force on q
2
has a magnitude that is twice that of the force on q
1
.

c) The force on q
1
has the same magnitude as that of the force on q
2
.

d) The force on q
2
has a magnitude that is four times that of the force on q
1
.

e) The force on q
1
has a magnitude that is four times that of the force on q
2
.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Consider the two charges shown in the drawing. Which of the following
statements correctly describes the magnitude of the electric force acting
on the two charges?




a) The force on q
1
has a magnitude that is twice that of the force on q
2
.

b) The force on q
2
has a magnitude that is twice that of the force on q
1
.

c) The force on q
1
has the same magnitude as that of the force on q
2
.

d) The force on q
2
has a magnitude that is four times that of the force on q
1
.

e) The force on q
1
has a magnitude that is four times that of the force on q
2
.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 Electric force versus gravitational force
An o particle (alpha) is the nucleus of a helium
atom. It has a mass of m = 6.66 x 10
-27
kg and a
charge q = +2e = 3.2 x 10
-19
C. Compare the force of
the electric repulsion between two o particles with the
force of gravitational attraction between them.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
The magnitude F
e
of the electric force is given by
Eq. (21.2),

The magnitude F
g
of the gravitational force is given
by Eq. (12.1),


We compare these two magnitudes by calculating
their ratio.
2
2
0
4
1
r
q
F
e
e
=
t
2
2
r
m
G F
g
=
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Execute
The ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force
is
35
2 27
2 19
2 2 11
2 2 9
2
2
0
10 1 . 3
) 10 64 . 6 (
) 10 2 . 3 (
/ 10 67 . 6
/ 10 0 . 9
4
1
=

-
-
=
e
=

kg
C
kg m N
C m N
m
q
G F
F
g
e
t
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.1 (SOLN)
Evaluate
This astonishingly large number shows that the
gravitational force in this situation is completely
negligible in comparison to the electric force. This is
always true for interactions of atomic and subatomic
particles. (Notice that this result doesnt depend on
the distance r between the two o particles.) But within
objects the size of a person or a planet, the positive
and negative charges are nearly equal in magnitude,
and the net electric force is usually much smaller than
the gravitational force.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 Force between two point charges
Two point charges, q
1
= +25 nC and q
2
= -75 nC, are
separated by a distance of 3.0 cm (Fig. 21.10a). Find
the magnitude and direction of a) the electric force
that q
1
exerts on q
2
; b) the electric force that q
2
exerts
on q
1
.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
We use Coulombs law, Eq. (21.2), to calculate the
magnitude of the force that each particle exerts on
the other. The problem asks us for the force on
each particle due to the other particle, so we use
Newtons third law.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Execute
a) Converting charge to coulombs and distance to
meters, the magnitude of the force that q
1
exerts on q
2
is
N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on
019 . 0
) 030 . 0 (
| ) 10 75 )( 10 25 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
2 1
0
2 1
=
+
- =
e
=

t
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Since the two charges
have opposite signs, the
force is attractive; that is,
the force that acts on q
2
is
directed toward q
1
along
the line joining the two
charges, as shown in Fig.
21.10b.

Fig. 21.10
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
b) Remember that Newtons third law applies to the
electric force. Even though the charges have
different magnitudes, the magnitude of the force that
q
2
exerts on q
1
is the same as the magnitude of the
force that q
1
exerts on q
2
:


Newtons third law also states that the direction of the
force that q
2
exerts on q
1
is exactly opposite the
direction of the force that q
1
exerts on q
2
; this is shown
in Fig. 21.10c.
N F
on
019 . 0
1 2
=
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.2 (SOLN)
Evaluate
Note that the force on q
1
is directed toward q
2
, as it
must be, since charges of opposite sign attract each
other.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 Vector addition of electric forces on a line
Two point charges are located on the positive x-axis
of a coordinate system (Fig. 21.11a). Charge q
1
= 1.0
nC is 2.0 cm from the origin, and charge q
2
= -3.0 nC
is 4.0 cm from the origin. What is the total force
exerted by these two charges on a charge q
3
= 5.0 nC
located at the origin? Gravitational forces are
negligible.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Identify
Here there are two electric forces acting on the
charge q
3
, and we must add these forces to find the
total force.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Set Up
Figure 21.11a shows the
coordinate system. Our
target variable is the net
electric force exerted on
charge q
3
by the other
two charges. This is the
vector sum if the forces
due to q
1
and q
2

individually.
Fig. 21.11
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
Figure 21.11b is a free-body diagram for charge q
3
.
Note that q
3
is repelled by q
1
(which has the same
sign) and attracted to q
2
(which has the opposite
sign).
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
Converting charge to coulombs and distance to
meters, we use Eq. (21.2) to find the magnitude F
1 on 3

of the force of q
1
on q
3
:




This force has a negative x-component because q
3
is
repelled (that is, pushed in the negative x-direction)
by q
1
.
N N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on

t
112 10 12 . 1
) 020 . 0 (
| ) 10 0 . 5 )( 10 0 . 1 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
4
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
3 1
0
3 1
= =

- =
e
=


2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
The magnitude F
2 on 3
of the force of q
2
on q
3
is





This force has a positive x-component because q
3
is
attracted (that is, pulled in the positive x-direction) by
q
2
.
N N
m
C C
C m N
r
q q
F
on

t
84 10 4 . 8
) 040 . 0 (
| ) 10 0 . 5 )( 10 0 . 3 ( |
) / 10 0 . 9 (
| |
4
1
5
2
9 9
2 2 9
2
3 2
0
3 2
= =

- =
e
=


2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Execute
The sum of the x-components is

There are no y- or z- components. Thus the total
force on q
3
is directed to the left, with magnitude 28
N = 2.8 x 10
-5
N.



N N N F
x
28 84 112 = + =
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.3 (SOLN)
Evaluate
To check the magnitudes of the individual forces,
note that q
2
has three times as much charge (in
magnitude) as q
1
but is twice as far from q
3
. From
Eq. (21.2) this means that F
2 on 3
must be 3/2
2
= as
large as F
1 on 3
. Indeed, our results show that this ratio
is (84 N)/(112 N) = 0.75. The direction of the net
force also makes sense: is opposite to and has a
larger magnitude than , so the net force is in the
direction of .
4
3
3 1on
F

3 2on
F

3 1on
F

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd


Example 21.4 Vector addition of electric forces in a plane
In Fig. 21.12, two equal
positive point charges q
1

= q
2
= 2.0 C interact with
a third point charge Q =
4.0 C. Find the
magnitude and direction
of the total (net) force on
Q.
Fig. 21.12
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Identify and Set Up
As in Example 21.3, we have to compute the force
each charge exerts on Q and then find the vector sum
of the forces. The easiest way to do this is to use
components.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Execute
Figure 21.12 shows the force on Q due to the upper
charge q
1
. From Coulombs law the magnitude F of
this force is
N
m
C C
C m N F
Q on
29 . 0
50 . 0
) 10 0 . 2 )( 10 0 . 4 (
) / 10 0 . 9 (
2
6 6
2 2 9
1
=

- =

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Execute
The angle o is below the x-axis, so the components
of this force are given by
N
m
m
N F F
N
m
m
N F F
Q on y Q on
Q on x Q on
17 . 0
50 . 0
30 . 0
) 29 . 0 ( sin ) ( ) (
23 . 0
50 . 0
40 . 0
) 29 . 0 ( cos ) ( ) (
1 1
1 1
= = =
= = =
o
o
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Execute
The lower charge q
2
exerts a force with the same
magnitude but at an angle o above the x-axis. From
symmetry we see that its xcomponent is the same as
that due to the upper charge, but its ycomponent has
the opposite sign. So the components of the total
force on Q are


The total force on Q is in the +x-direction, with
magnitude 0.46 N.
F

0 17 . 0 17 . 0
46 . 0 23 . 0 23 . 0
= + =
= + =
N N F
N N N F
y
x
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 21.4 (SOLN)
Evaluate
The total force on Q is in a direction that points
neither directly away from q
1
nor directly away from
q
2
. Rather, this direction is a compromise that points
away from the system of charges q
1
and q
2
. Can you
see that the total force would not be in the +x-
direction if q
1
and q
2
were not equal or if the
geometrical arrangement of the charges were not so
symmetrical?

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