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Nutrition
S
Chapter Outline
S 5.1 Autotrophic nutrition S 5.1.1 Biochemistry of photosynthesis S 5.1.2 Photorespiration S 5.1.3 C3 plants and C4 plants S 5.1.4 Factors affecting photosynthesis S 5.2 Heterotrophic nutrition S 5.2.1 Modes of heterotrophic nutrition S 5.2.2 Nutrition in mammals S 5.2.3 Digestion in herbivores
Nutrition
S Nutrition is a process by which organisms obtain
nutrients containing energy, carbon sources and other substances from food
S The nutrients provide energy for the metabolic
activity in organisms
S The carbon source is essential for building
life processes
b) Heterotrophic nutrition
S The organisms (heterotrophs) cannot
synthesise their own nutrients and must obtain nutrients from other organisms
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis
Holozoic nutrition
Saprophytic nutrition
Symbiotic nutrition
Parasitic nutrition
dioxide (CO2)
S There are two types of autotrophic nutrition: a) Photosynthesis b) Chemosynthesis
a) Photosynthesis
S The process by which green plants
(photoautotrophs) absorb light energy and use it to synthesise complex organic molecules (sugar) and oxygen from CO2 and H2O
S Photoautotrophs include green plants, algae,
and cyanobacteria
Light Energy
CO2 + H2O
CH2O + O2 + H2O
b) Chemosynthesis
S The process whereby the organisms
(chemoautotrophs) synthesise organic compounds using CO2 as an inorganic carbon source [carbon assimilation reaction]
S The energy required to drive the synthesis
process is obtained by oxidising inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, nitrite, hydrogen, sulphur, iron
Chemosynthesis
S Chemoautotrophs include bacteria such as
Oxygen
Nitrobacter Oxygen Nitrobacter
NO3- + Energy
NH2
NO2- + Energy
in a plant
S They are adapted to receive energy from the
sun, to allow diffusion of gases and water vapour and to remove products of photosynthesis
*Refer to SPM txtbook on page 175 to 177
transparent cells. This allows light to pass through and reach the underlying mesophyll layer
S The cells do not contain chloroplast so sunlight
is covered with waxy, waterproof cuticle to help reduce water loss from the plant. It is transparent to allow light to penetrate the leaf
Upper epidermis
Cuticle
Stoma
Vascular tissue
Guard cell
CO2 enters through stoma H2O and O2 exit through stoma
Lower epidermis
in an upright arrangement to allow the cells to receive maximum amount of incoming light
S The cells contain many chloroplast,
S The chloroplast within these cells can move
spaces between them, this allows for an easy diffusion of gases (CO2) and water to the palisade cells
S The cell walls are moist to allow gaseous
leaf
S Phloem transport products of photosynthesis
(usually sugar) away from the leaf to other parts of the plant
permit exchange of gases between the inside of the leaf and the atmosphere
S Each stoma is flanked by two guard cells
Chloroplast
i) Grana (singular: granum)
S Granna are the sites of light reaction
S Contain the light-trapping pigment chlorophyll S The surface of the thylakoid membranes also
contain accessory pigments and electron carriers involved in the light reaction
Chloroplast
ii) Stroma
S Grana are surrounded by a gel-like matrix
called stroma
S Stroma is the site of dark reaction of
photosynthesis
S Stroma contains the enzyme responsible for
a dark reaction
Chloroplast
iii) Starch grain
S A temporary storage place for the products of
photosynthesis
S Are also located in the stroma
Biochemistry of photosynthesis
S The process of photosynthesis can be
C6H12O6
6O2
6CO2 + 12H2O
Biochemistry of photosynthesis
Biochemistry of photosynthesis
S van Niels hypothesis was confirmed by M.
Kamen by using 18O, an isotope of oxygen, as a tracer to follow the fate of oxygen during photosynthesis
S When H218O containing the isotope
was used to carry out the experiment, the oxygen released from the plants was labeled with 18O was introduced in the form of C18O2, the oxygen released was not labeled with 18O
18O
18O
S When the
Biochemistry of photosynthesis
S The experiment can be summarised as follows,
CH2O + H2O +
18O 2
CH218O + H218O + O2
Biochemistry of photosynthesis
Reactants: 6CO2 + 12H2O
Products:
C6H12O6 + 6H2O
6O2
Conclusion:
S During photosynthesis, chloroplast splits water into
Photosynthetic pigments
S Thylakoids membranes of grana in the
Photosynthetic pigments
Chlorophyll
S The most abundant photosynthetic pigment
in plants
S Chlorophyll are green because they reflect
Photosynthetic pigments
Carotene and xanthophylls
S Collectively known as carotenoids
S Absorb blue-violet light maximally and are
i) Light reaction Converts light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH ii) Dark reaction Synthesise carbohydrate from CO2 using the energy produced in the light reaction
S The two reactions occur at different sites in the
chloroplast
Light Reaction
S AKA Hill reaction S Requires the presence of light S Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the
Chlorophyll
Light energy
Chlorophyll+
+ e-
molecules to split into two H+ and an O atom, a reaction called photolysis of water H2O
Light energy Chlorophyll
2H+ + 2e- + O
H2O
O atom to form O2
2H+
2e-
+ O
O2
S The O atom immediately combines with another S It is the water-splitting step of photosynthesis
water is accepted by the positively charged chlorophyll to replace the electron lost when it absorbed light energy earlier
Chlorophyll+ + e-
Chlorophyll
again, and it is said to be in a ground state. It can continue to absorb light energy
released
S This amount of energy is harnessed by the
v) Production of NADPH
S The
excited electron and proton (from photolysis of water) are accepted by NADP+ to form NADPH the synthesis of sugar in the dark reaction
Light reaction
and NADPH, which provide chemical energy and reducing power (hydrogen atom) respectively for sugar synthesis in the dark reaction
Dark Reaction
S AKA the Calvin Cycle S Does not require sunlight S Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast S It utilises the ATP and NADPH produced in
Dark Reaction
S The reaction is divided into three phases: i) Fixation of CO2 ii) Reduction of PGA iii) Formation of glucose
i) Fixation of CO2
S CO2 from the atmosphere enters the leaf
i) Fixation of CO2
PGA
Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
PGAL
and
other
organic
rest of the PGAL molecules are rearranged in a series of reactions to regenerate RuBP, this process requires energy again, the cycle continues
Dark Reaction
Required Not required Day time Day and night Grana Stroma H2O, ADP, Pi & CO2, ATP, NADPH NADP+ Main products ATP, NADPH & O2 3-carbon sugar Source of energy Light energy ATP Factors that Quality and amount Temperature, CO2 affect the rate of light and O2 conc.
5.1.2 Photorespiration
S A respiration process that occurs in the light S When the O2 level is higher than CO2, O2 is
Photorespiration
S Unlike normal cellular respiration,
produces no food
S Photorespiration reduces the photosynthetic
photorespiration rate
and sorghum
S In general, C3 plants have a relatively high
photorespiration rate
Sorghum
C4 plants and enhanced food production, C4 plants have a higher economic value than C3 plants
a) Light
S Light is essential for the light reaction S Light affects the rate of photosynthesis in two
highest under red and violet light; the lowest under yellow and green light
a) Light
ii) Light intensity S The rate of photosynthesis is directly proportional to light intensity when the CO2 concentration and temperature are kept at constant levels
S As the light intensity increases, the
saturation point
a) Light
ii) Light intensity S Beyond this point, further increase in light intensity will have no effect on the rate of photosynthesis
S The photosynthesis process is limited by other
as
CO2
concentration
and
synthesis of glucose
S The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is
about 0.04%
S At very low CO2 level (0.005%), photosynthesis
photosynthesis will not increase further because light intensity acts as a limiting factor
c) Temperature
S The dark reaction of photosynthesis involves
increases with an increase in temperature provided the light intensity and CO2 concentration are not limiting
c) Temperature
S The rate of photosynthesis is at maximum at
d) Oxygen concentration
S High oxygen concentration and low CO2
the
rate
of
e) Water availability
S Water is required in the light reaction S However, it is rarely the limiting factor in