Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Any substance that gains oxygen is oxidized, and any substance that loses oxygen is reduced
Modern Concepts
Oxidation is the the complete or partial loss of electrons or the gain of oxygen.
The
Practice
Determine what is oxidized and what is reduced in each reaction. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent in each case. 2Na(s) + S(s) Na2S(s)
Oxidation Numbers
An oxidation number is a positive or negative number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction. What is the oxidation number of each kind of atom in the following compounds : a. SO2 b. CO3c. Na2SO4 d. (NH4)2S
An increase in oxidation number of an atom or ion indicates oxidation. A decrease in oxidation number of an atom or ion indicates reduction.
Identify which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced in the following reaction also identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent: Cl2(g) + 2HBr(aq) 2HCl(aq) + Br2(l)
All reactions can be classified as reactions that transfer electrons (redox reactions) or reactions that do not transfer electrons.
Redox
reactions include: single displacement, combination, decomposition, and combustion reactions Double displacement and most acid-base reactions do not transfer electrons
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assign oxidation numbers Identify which atoms are oxidized and which are reduced Use a bracket to connect the atoms that undergo oxidation and reduction and write the oxidation number change on the line Make the total increase in oxidation number equal the total decrease by using appropriate coefficients Check to see if balanced for both atoms and charge Fe2O3(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)
S(s) + HNO3(aq) SO2(g) + NO(g) + H2O(l) Write unbalanced equation in reaction in ionic form. Write separate half-reactions for the oxidation and reduction.
Half-Reaction Method
an acidic solution use H2O to balance the O, and H+ to balance the H In a basic solution use OH- to balance the O, and H2O to balance the H
Half-Reaction Method
Half-Reaction Method
Multiply each half-reaction by an appropriate number to make the number of electrons equal on both sides.
Then add the half-reactions to show the overall net ionic equation.
Half-Reaction Method
Write the net ionic equation and Identify any spectator ions:
KMnO4(aq) + HCl(aq) MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2(g) + H2O(l) + KCl(aq)
Half-Reaction Method
Write the net ionic equation and Identify any spectator ions: Zn(s) + NO3-(aq) NH3 + Zn(OH)42-(aq)
During Redox Reactions electrons are transferred from a more reactive atom to a less reactive ion. If the movement of electrons is made to pass through an external circuit usefully electrical energy can be produced.
Voltaic Cell
Electric Potential
Ecell is the potential when the concentration of the half-cell is 1M, gases are at 1 atm, and the temperature is 25C. The half-cell potential cannot be measured directly, so a standard hydrogen electrode (EH+ = 0.00V) is used to find the values for half-cell potentials.
Negative values mean that the substance was reduced Positive values mean that the substance was oxidized
If the cell potential is positive the reaction is spontaneous and will occur, however if the cell potential is negative the reaction is non-spontaneous. Is the redox reaction between zinc metal and silver ions spontaneous?
Determine the cell reaction for a voltaic cell composed of the following half-cells and its standard cell potential. Fe3+(aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) EFe3+ = +0.77 V Ni2+(aq) + 2e- Ni(s) ENi2+ = -0.25 V