C.

Biologic, Sociologic and psychological changes

Biologic changes
decrease in standing height during late adulthood and some loss of bone tissue in the skeleton leading to bone density disorders such as osteoporosis
Hearing, taste, olfaction and touch all become less sensitive during later adulthood

 weight loss is a frequent experience due to loss of lean body mass in muscle and bone tissue rather than fat reduction in the torso. continuing development of wrinkles, furrows, sagging skin, and loss of resiliency of the skin The skin loses its firmness and elasticity, leading to areas of sagging such as the double chin

 Thinning and graying of the hair continue, although there are great individual differences in the degree of hair grayness, largely due to genetic factors. Motor ability and cardiovascular and respiratory systems also commonly undergo marked changes during the years of late adulthood.

Social changes
decrease in quality of social interactions due to age discrimination or stereotyping (such as patronizing talk) social segregation due to cultural differences loss of a comfortable network of co-workers, friends, family, and community members due to relocation, death, and illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease

Psychological changes
Learning - the elderly have difficulty in learning new skills taking them longer time to learn the skill and also coming up with less satisfactory results in the particular skill than a younger person.

 Memory - Old people tend to have poor recent memories but better remote memories. Reasoning there is a general reduction in the speed with which the individual reaches a conclusion in both inductive and deductive reasoning.

 Retirement during the adults earlier years, retirement looks better to them because of the increased leisure time and reduced stress. Happiness there is a saying that during ones late adulthood years, there are 3 factors that determine ones happiness Acceptance, Affection and Achievement.

D. Needs of older persons

The number of older people in our society is increasing rapidly and as they age, the demand for safe, effective care is growing.

sections, covering the fundamental needs of an older person:

Assistance with personal cleansing Assistance with movement Assistance to maintain nutrition and fluid intake Assistance with toilet needs Assistance with the need for observation and monitoring Care of the person immediately following death

Caring for the Older Person is written in six