Introduction

Some Terminology's in Power system Protection

Protection system
Complete arrangements of Protection equipments & protection System based on a protection principal (IEC 60255-20) Protection Equipment

A collection of protection devices (relays, fuses, etc.). Excluded are devices such as CTs, CBs, Contactors, etc.
Protection Scheme Collection of protection equipment providing a defined function and including all equipment required to make the scheme work (i.e. relays, CTs, CBs, batteries, etc.)

LEGENDSCT- Current transformer VT- Voltage transformer TE- Telecommunication equipment/Tele protection DC- Direct current CB Circuit breaker

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Introduction
Topics covered

Overview of different types of schemes Different principles & philosophies of Protection schemes Different elements of Protection Schemes Engineering practices used by different utilities Factors to consider for engineering

Simple & reliable Ease of Maintenance Economical

Integration of protection equipments and correct operation of the Protection relays depend upon the scheme design
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Different types of Protection

Feeder Protection
Current Differential Distance Protection Phase Comparison Directional Earth Fault Over Current & Earth Fault Circuit Breaker Failure Thermal Over Load Protection Voltage Protection

Transformer Protection
Biased Differential Transformer Protection Over Current & Earth Fault Restricted Earth Fault Protection Standby Earth Fault Protection

Over Flux (V/F Protection)

Transformer Mechanical Protection Circuit Breaker Failure

Reactor Protection
Differential Protection

Busbar Protection
High Impedance Busbar Protection Low Impedance Busbar Protection

Over Current Protection Restricted Earth Fault Protection CB Fail Protection Voltage Protection

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Current Transformer arrangements

Feeder two Main & Back up protections Generally above 132 kV Levels

Main Protection Relays with the same Principles or different (Distance or Current differential) Backup Protection providing coverage for uncovered faults by the Main Protection and delayed trip for unclear remote faults

Current transformer connections to Main 1 & Main 2 from independent cores

Voltage transformer connections are to be supervised by fuse failure supervision relays Built in functions for Main &Back up protection will have the risk that a common relay element failure (e.g. the power supply) will result in loss of both the protections Bus BAR arrangements can be Double Bus Bar Double Main &Transfer Double Main cum Transfer One & A Half Breaker Scheme Mesh Corner layout

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Current Transformer arrangements

Feeder single Main & Back up protections Generally up to 132 kV levels

Bus BAR arrangements can be Single Main & Transfer Double Bus Bar

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Current Transformer arrangements

One & A Half Breaker System (4 CT Arrangements)

The main protection will be connected by the current transformers on Main CB & Tie CB in parallel Separate Stub bus connection is not required Line Isolator interlocked over current will be used to protect the Stub Bus area if the feeder is not on live Four sets of CTs are sufficient to cater for the complete protection Economical

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Current Transformer arrangements

One & A Half Breaker System (5 CT Arrangements)

Ratio of CT can be selected to circuit rating No problem of matching parallel connected CTs Separate Stub bus Protection is available For a Fault between the Tie CB & Bus 2 side Tie CB Isolator bus 2 CB will have delayed tripping

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Current transformer arrangements

One & A Half Breaker System (6 CT Arrangements)

CTs will be there on both side of the Tie CB , except the connection to the Stub Bus protection all other protection remains same as five CT arrangements Over lapping Stub bus protection CT on the Bus Tie CB

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Current transformer arrangements

Bus Coupler & Bus Section CT arrangements

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Tripping Overview
Example of two Main & transfer feeder schemes

MTR Main Trip relay

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Tripping Arrangements
Protection Systems will be grouped in two different systems Group A & B Both systems will be connected with different DC supplies for redundancy & to enable protection system maintenance with the equipment live Group A & B will be electrically separated & physically segregated except relays associated with the CBs Direct Inter trip receive contacts are duplicated in both the Groups A & B Main 1 & Main 2 Protections give trip impulses to Single Phase trip units of respective CB Poles & All other protections give trip impulses to three phase trip units of respective Breakers

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DC Supply Arrangements
Each bay will have dual DC supplies for protection & control purposes with individual DC supervision systems DC Supply one is for Main 1 protection relays & respective trip circuits and control schemes,

DC Supply two is for Main 2 & respective trip circuits, Backup, Bay control system and CB auxiliary supplies
In addition to this one separate DC circuit may be provided for alarm & signalling purposes

Separate DC circuit will be provided for Busbar protection scheme

Dual DC supply arrangements can be feed from the same Bus or different bus

Different Battery arrangements

Single Battery with Single Float ,Float & Boost charger Double Battery with Two independent chargers
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Supervision
Continuous Supervision of the protection devices /
important elements required

MTR MAIN TRIP RELAY

Trip Circuit

Master Trip Relay DC Supply & Main Protection Relay

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Supervision
PR- Protective relay

Trip Circuit Supervision

1. Lamp Method

TC- CB Trip coil 52 a & 52 b CB Auxiliary contacts A, B, C - Trip Circuit supervision relays

2. TCS using Relay

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Supervision
Trip Circuit Supervision
3.Implementation using numerical relays

The Connection of relay A should be made in such a way that it detects the discontinuity of Trip circuit. It is desired to have the trip circuit supervision relay to be as a last equipment in the circuit) The Trip circuit healthy contact is wired on circuit breaker closing circuit to make sure the CB trip circuit is health/available to trip The alarm supply should be independent of tripping supply so that the indication is obtained in the event of a failure in the tripping supply

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Supervision
Master Trip Relay Supervision

The Tripping relays are important components of the trip systems DC Supply will be supervised by a No Volt relay for each trip relay

DC Supply & Main Protection Relay Supervision

Both the DC supplies will be supervised For Static & Numerical multifunction relays it is very important to monitor the self supervision watch dog contacts, to indicate any failures occurring in the relays internal circuits

Normally closed watchdog contact are used for remote alarms

MVAX11 or MVAX12 relays are generally used for trip relay supervision & DC supply supervision relays are connected at end of wiring run
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Inter tripping
Types of Inter tripping

Direct tripping Permissive tripping Blocking scheme

Direct Inter tripping

To ensure that protection at both the ends of faulted circuits operate to isolate the equipment

Some instance of Direct Inter tripping

CB Fail protection operations or faults between CB & CTs

Operational Inter tripping for system stability conditions

Over voltage Direct trips on EHV Networks

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Inter tripping

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Inter tripping
Points to consider

The system protection interface shall provide the DTT send initiation inputs from external trip contacts DTT signaling equipment should have switching and test facilities.

Operation of the tripping outputs shall be conditioned by the line Disconnector auxiliary switch on banked and teed circuits.
The trip output contacts will have sufficient rating to activate the following

Master Trip relays

CB Direct trip coils if required

Alarm & CB fail initiation Circuits

Alarm outputs from the equipments

Signal Receive

Signal Receive Trip relays operated

Signaling channel Equipment / Communication channel Faulty Signal Send

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Switches & Links

Switches
Used to perform various control/Protection operations in the scheme Broadly it can be classified in to standard & Special Purpose

Standard switches examples Protection In/OUT or Test Normal switch Bus bar Protection In/Out Auto Re closure In/Out Intertrip In/Out

CB Trip/Close
AC or DC Supply Selector

Special Purpose switches examples

Trip transfer switch

Bus VT Selector switches for Distance protection schemes

Synchronizing selection functions

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Switches & Links

Links

To isolate certain functions/circuits without removing any wiring & to carry out Maintenance activities

Examples

Alarm Isolation Trip relay Isolation

CB Fail initiation blocking

Test terminal Blocks

To isolate the relays from the Primary Plant circuits (Current, Voltage, DC & Trip circuits) It facilitates the short circuiting of CT secondary circuits to allow the secondary injection testing of the relays

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ON Load By Pass arrangements

CTs Out side the By Pass Zone

Transfer buses are designed for on load bypassing of circuit breakers CB Maintenance can be done without Load interruption The protection needs to be transferred to Transfer Bus Coupler & is done through Trip transfer switch The following also needs to be selected LBB of TBC is to be initiated. Auto Reclose initiation and lockout of TBC. The line voltage has to be taken to TBC for synchronising

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ON Load By Pass arrangements

CTs in the By Pass Zone

Transfer buses are designed for on load bypassing of circuit breakers for maintenance from the Main Bus to transfer Bus CB & CT Maintenance can be done without Load interruption Protection is not affected , so no trip transfer switch required Inter tripping needs to be re routed to TBC

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Voltage selection scheme

Required in double busbar Substations when Bus voltage transformers are used Achieved using set of Voltage selection relays VTs are not to be paralleled due to the fact that the difference in secondary voltage can cause circulating current between the VTs cause the winding to over heat. However for distance protection schemes momentary paralleling of VTs is essential for the protection stability The schemes can be built using self reset or using electrical reset relays In some cases the selection can be done manually through Selector Switches
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Output Relays
Variety of electrical outputs provided in relays for tripping, interlocking and remote indication purposes

Majority of the applications employ self reset type contacts Hand reset types are required when it is necessary to maintain a signal or lockout condition.

Some of the protection relays having high speed tripping contacts for direct tripping of Circuit breakers
Relay contacts are not designed to break the Circuit breaker trip coil currents

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 Standard Solutions

National Grid Protection philosophy in UK

The standard bay solution shall support the specified functions appropriate to a Specific Plant type ( Feeder, transformer etc..)
Standard bay solutions shall be engineered in a way that minimises the number of design variants Each tier will have Plug & Socket arrangements with external mounted in 19 rack system connected via pre-manufactured cables to a marshalling wall box. All inter panel wirings done through cables, The purpose of this is to minimise the amount of site work & Easy replacement of faulty unit

Each Main Protection tiers may have

Separate DC supply MCB Test terminal blocks Alarm & Trip Isolation links

Protection Test /Normal switch

Main Protection Initiation Test facilities Auxiliary & Control Relays
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National Grid Protection philosophy in UK

STANDARD NICAP TIER

NICAP- Numerical Integrated Control & Protection Typical Protection Panel

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Engineering standards
General guidelines followed in Protection cubical designs Various standards followed by different utilities
Type of terminal blocks Equipments symbols & Protection Device codes Standard wire numbering for panels Colour codes to represent the Mimic

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Conclusion
Factors Driving the Engineering

Utilities Standards

System Requirements Functions Vs Cost User Preferences

The acceptability of various engineering practices must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

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