Oscillatory Motion

Introduction 1
The periodic motion performed by a body or a material point about its equilibrium position is called mechanical oscillation. This oscillation often occur in everyday life. For example the oscillations of a clock pendulum, the vibrations of a string, the oscillations of a glider, all these are frequently encountered mechanical oscillations.

Introduction 2
Beside the mechanical oscillations, also exist and oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. When we speak, the molecules of air oscillate back and forth along the direction of sounds propagation, and when the electromagnetic waves are emitted, the oscillating quantities are the electric and magnetic vectors of the electromagnetic field.

Introduction 3
If the deviation from the equilibrium position is very small and if the friction force can be neglected then the mechanical oscillations are called harmonic or free oscillations otherwise the oscillations are called anharmonic oscillations.

Introduction 4
The oscillations can be also classified in free oscillations, damped oscillations, forced oscillations, linear or nonlinear oscillations, conservative or dissipative oscillations, auto-oscillations and parametric oscillations. The autooscillations, and parametric oscillations are particular cases of the forced oscillations.

Harmonic Oscillations 1
Let us consider a system consisting of a round small ball at rest inside of a perfectly rounded smooth cup. If the ball is slightly deflected from its equilibrium position and is released with v0 = 0 then under the action of gravity force, the ball will start to oscillate to the left and to the right of the position of equilibrium.

Harmonic Oscillations 2
Free oscillation of a round small ball inside of a perfectly rounded smooth cup

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 1

Let us denote the displacement from the equilibrium position by q . Hence, q is the generalized coordinate and let us denote the potential energy of the ball by U ( q ) . For the case of small deviations from the equilibrium position, the function U ( q ) can be represented in the form of a Taylor series:

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 2

q2 q3 U (q ) = U (0) + qU (0) + U (0) + U (0) + ... 2! 3!

Because q = 0 is the equilibrium position, on obtain that U ( q ) = 0 and U (q ) = 0 Therefore, neglecting the terms q 3 , q 4 , etc., we can write proportional to

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 3

q2 U (q ) = U (0) 2!

or where

kq 2 U (q) = 2

k = U (0)

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 4

Taking into account that the Lagrange function is L=T-U, where T is the kinetic energy, on obtain & mq 2 kq 2
L= 2 2

Using the Lagrange's equations

L d L =0 & q dt q

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 5

we get the equation of motion

& & mq + kq = 0
or

& & q + q = 0
2 0

2 where 0 = k / m is the natural radian frequency called also and natural angular frequency.

Equation of Harmonic Oscillations 6

The Equation

& & q + q = 0
2 0

(1)

is the motions equation of a harmonic oscillator. It is a homogeneous linear differential equation of second order with constant coefficients

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 1

To find the particular solutions of Eq. (1) rt its solution is sought in the form q = e q = e r t leads to the The substitution characteristic equation
2 r 2 + 0 = 0

The roots of the above equation are given by r1 = i0 , r2 = i0

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 2

Hence, we have found two particular linearly independent solutions of Eq. (1). They have the form

q1 = e

i0 t

and

q2 = e

i0 t

(2)

The general solution of Eq. (1) will be a linear combination of two particular linearly independent

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 3

q = C1 q1 + C2 q2

(3)

where and are two complex arbitrary constants. Substituting (2) into (3) we can write

q = C1 e

i0 t

+ C2 e

i0 t

(4)

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 4

As is known, if z = x + iy is a complex z * = x iy is the conjugate number and of z, then the condition that z = z imply that y = 0 and hence that z is real. In our case, the conjugate of the q given by (4) is

q =C e

i0 t 1

+C e

i0 t 2

(5)

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 5

From a comparison of (4) and (5), is easy to see that q will be real q = q if

C1 = C

C = C2
a i C2 = e 2

(6)

Therefore, choosing
a i C1 = e 2
(7)

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 6 where a and are real constants, the
condition (6) will be satisfied. Substituind the values of and given by (7) into (4), we get the solution

a i (0 t + ) i (0 t + ) q = [e +e ] 2
Using Euler's formula

= cos( ) i sin( )

t +

Solution of the differential ecuation for the harmonic oscillator 7

we obtain the solution of the motion ecuation for the harmonic oscillator

q = a cos( t + )
where a is the amplitude of oscillatons, is the natural radian frequency = 2 = 2 /T and t + is the phase of oscillations

Damped Oscillations 1
The free or natural oscillations are ideal oscillations. The real oscillations that occur in nature are damped oscilations, since always there is a friction force acting on oscillator. This friction determines the decrease in time of amplitude and energy of oscillator.

Damped Oscillations 2
As we shall see, the presence of the friction leads to an increase of period of oscillations relative to the period of free oscillations hence also to a decrease of frequency of oscillations.

Damped Oscillations 3
Equation of Motion. Let us consider a body of mass m attached to a string and oscillating along the x-axis. Suppose that exist a friction force proportional to the velocity of the system.

Damped Oscillations 4
The forces acting on this body are the elastic force Fe = kx and the friction force R = Fe +Newton second law The F f & where is the a = force on the net & x direction of motion and is the acceleration along x-axis, can be written & & as follows mx = Fe + F f
& Ff = x

R = ma

Damped Oscillations 5
or

& & & mx = kx x

(1)

where k is the elastic constant and is a friction coefficient. Dividing both sides of Eq. (1) by m, we get

k &+ x + x = 0 & & x m m

(2)

Damped Oscillations 6
k Denoting = i 2 = where 0 m m is the natural radian frequency and is
2 0

a damping coefficient, we can write Eq. (2) as follows

&+ 2 x + x = 0 & & x

2 0

(3)

This is the motions equation of a harmonic oscillator.

Damped Oscillations 7
It is a homogeneous linear differential equation of second order with constant coefficients. To find the particular solutions of Eq. (3), its solution is sought in the form & x = e r t Is easy to see that x = rx and rt 2 & &= r x x Hence, the substitution x = e leads to the characteristic equation

r + 2 r + = 0
2 2 0

(4)

Damped Oscillations 8
The roots of the characteristic equation are given by:

r1 = + , r2 =
2 2 0

(5) 0

Now, the following three cases must be considered: (1) < 0 , (2) > 0 and (3) = 0
< 0

(1) The case . In this case, known as the small attenuation case, the roots of characteristic equation are complex:

Damped Oscillations 9
r1 = + i , r2 = i
2 0 2

2 0

(6)

Denoting

=
2 0

the roots (6) can be written as

Damped Oscillations 10
r1 = + i ,

r2 = i (7)

The general solution of Eq. (3) is

x = C1e + C 2e
r1 t

r2 t

(8)

where C1 and C2 are two complex arbitrary constants. From (7) and (8) we can write

Damped Oscillations 11
x=e x =e
* t

(C1e

i t

+ C2 e

i t

) (9)

The conjugate of
t

x the given by (9) is

(C e

* i t 1

+ C2 e ) (10)
(11)

* i t

x = x ) if Is easy to see that will be real (

C1 = C2 , C2 = C1

Damped Oscillations 12
Therefore, choosing C1 = a ei , C2 = a e i (12)
2
2

where a and are real constants, the condition (10). will be satisfied. Substituting the values of C1 , and C2 given by (12) into (9), we get the solution: a t i ( t + ) i ( t+ ) x = e [e +e ] 2

Damped Oscillations 13
Using Euler's formula:

= cos( ) i sin( )

we obtain the solution of the motion ecuation for a damped oscillator t

x = ae

cos( t + ) (13)

Damped Oscillations 14
The time series of the damped oscillator is illustrated in Fig. 1

Damped Oscillations 15
This oscillation is an anharmonic oscillation. The amplitude of damped oscillations decrease exponential in time according to the law t

A ( t ) = ae

The quantity T = 2 / where

= 02 2

Damped Oscillations 16
is conventionally called the period of damped oscillations. We can write

T=

2 0

(13)

The period of free or natural oscillations is

2 T= 0

(14)

Damped Oscillations 17
From a comparison of (13) and (14) we see that T > T0 , i.e., the presence of friction force tends to increase the period of oscillations, hence to decrease their frequency. Since the amplitude a damped oscillator decrease in time according the law A ( t ) = ae t result that, theoretically, A ( t ) 0 when

t0

Damped Oscillations 18
i.e., the process of damping of an oscillator that starts at a certain initial instant will last indefinitely. Practically, on consider that the duration of this process is finite, being equal to the time during which the amplitude diminishes e time. Is easy to see that that the amplitude of oscillations decreases by a factor of e 2.73

Damped Oscillations 19
in a period of time = 1/ . The interval of time is called the relaxation time or dieaway time of oscillations, while is called the damping decrement. Logarithmic Decrement. Let us consider two successive amplitudes of damped oscillations corresponding to the time moments t and t + T :

Damped Oscillations 20
A1 = ae
t

, A2 = ae
A1 T =e A2

(t+T )

(15)

The ratio

(16)

is called the damping decrement. The quantity

Damped Oscillations 21
A1 = ln A2 (17)

is called the logarithmic decrement. From (16) and (17) we get

=T

(18)

Now, let us consider two amplitudes of damped oscillations, separated by N periods, i.e., corresponding to the time moments t and t + NT

Damped Oscillations 22
A1 = ae
t

AN +1 = ae

( t + NT )

(19)

The ratio of these amplitudes is

AN +1 N T N =e =e A1

(20)

Since for N = 1 the amplitude of oscillations diminishes e times,

Damped Oscillations 23
we can express the physical meaning of the logarithmic decrement as follows: the logarithmic decrement is the reciprocal of the number of periods over which the amplitude of oscillations is decreased by a factor of e . For example, if = 0.001 then the oscillations will be damped only after about 1000 oscillations.

Damped Oscillations 24
(2) The case > 0 . This case corresponds to a strong friction. When > 0 the roots of characteristic equation (3) are real:

r1 =
Since

+
2

0 , r2 =1
2 > 1

(21) =2

2 02 < both quantities 1 and 2

are positive and

Damped Oscillations 25
In this case, the solution of the motion ecuation for a damped oscillator has the form

x = C1e

1 t

+ C2 e

2 t

where C1 and C2 are two real constants whose values depend on the initial conditions.

Damped Oscillations 26
Hence the motion is aperiodic. A system deflected from its equilibrium position will return to this position asymptotically, either monotonously along the curve 1 (Fig. 5.5) or with passing through the equilibrium position along the curve 2 (Fig. 5.6), depending on the initial conditions.

Damped Oscillations 27

Fig. 5.5. Aperiodic damping, curve 1

Damped Oscillations 28

Fig. 5.6. Aperiodic damping, curve 2

Damped Oscillations 29
(3) The case = 0 . In this case the characteristic equation has multiple roots. Hence, r1 = r2 = . In this case, the solution of the motion ecuation for a damped oscillator has the form

x = C1e

+ C2 te

=( C1 + C2 t) e

Damped Oscillations 30
In this case the motion is aperiodic. The system will return to this position asymptotically, either along the curve 1 (Fig. 5.5) or along the curve 2 (Fig. 5.6), depending on the initial conditions.

Forced Oscillations 1
Introduction. Oscillations performed by a system under the action of an external force, other than the friction force, are called forced oscillations. The external force, also called and driving force, can be a constant force or a time dependend force. The most important case is that of an external force varying periodically with time. In this case the external force has the form:

Forced Oscillations 2
F = F0 cos( t + ) (1)

Where F0 is the amplitude of the force and is its frequency. Equation of the motion. Let us consider again a body of mass m attached to a string and oscillating along the x-axis. Suppose that exist a friction force proportional to the velocity of the system.

Forced Oscillations 3
The forces acting on this body are the & elastic force Fe = kx, the friction force Ff = x and the periodic external force F = F0 cos( t + ) The Newton second law R = ma, where R = Fe + F f + F is the net force on the & x direction of motion and a = & is the acceleration along x-axis, can be written as follows:

Forced Oscillations 4
& & & mx = kx x + F0 cos( t + ) (2)
where k is the elastic constant and is a friction coefficient. Dividing both sides of Eq. (2) by m we get
F0 k &+ x + x = & & x cos( t + ) (3) m m m

Forced Oscillations 5
Denoting and where 0 is the natural radian frequency,
2 0

k = , 2 = m m

F0 f0 = m

is a damping coefficient and is a friction coefficient, we can write Eq. (3) as follows 2

&+ 2 x + 0 x = f 0 cos( t + ) (4) & & x

Forced Oscillations 6
&+ 2 x + 0 x = f 0 cos( t + ) (4) & & 2 x
This is a linear non-homogeneous differential equation of second order with constant coefficients. The general solution of this equation can be written as follows:

x = x1 + x2 (5)

Forced Oscillations 7
x = x1 + x2 (5)
x1 = a1e t cos( 1 t + ) is the general where

solution of the corresponding 2 & & x homogeneous equation &+ 2 x + 0 x = 0 and x2 is a particular solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation (4). Must retain that 12 = 02 2 .

Forced Oscillations 8
In order to find a particular solution of the non-homogeneous differential equation is convenient to write the Eq. (4) in a complex form. Let us add the imaginary function if0 sin( t + ) to the real function f 0 cos( t + ) in the right-hand side of Eq. (4) and let us denote the new complex variable by x. Eq. (4) becomes

Forced Oscillations 9
&+ 2 x + 2 x = f [cos( t + ) + i sin( t + )] (6) & & 0 x 0
Using Euler's formula:

= cos( ) i sin( )
i (t + )

is easy to see that

f 0 [cos( t + ) + i sin( t + )] = f 0e

Forced Oscillations 10
or

eit f 0 [cos( t + ) + i sin( t + )] = f 0

where = f ei f0 (7) 0 is the complex amplitude of the driving force. Using the new notations, Eq. (6) becomes

Forced Oscillations 11

&+ 2 x + 2 x = ei t & & f0 x 0

x = ae (9)

(8)

The solution of the above equation has the form i t

where a is the complex amplitude of the oscillation. & & and & have the form x Derivatives x

Forced Oscillations 12
& x = iae i t , &= (i) 2 ae i t = 2ae i t (10) & x & & Substituting x and & given by (10) and x x given by (9) into (8), and dividing by the common factor ei t , we get

or

f 2 a + 2i a + 02 a = 0

(11)

Forced Oscillations 13

f0 a= 2 2 (0 ) + 2 i

(12)

Now, is more convenient to write the complex number in the denominator in the exponential form 2 2 i (0 ) + 2 i = e (13)

Forced Oscillations 14
As we know, a complex number z = x + iy can be represented as a point in the complex plane xy (Fig. 5.7).

Forced Oscillations 15
Is easy to see that

x = cos

y = sin
Hence, we can write z = x + iy = (cos + i sin ) (14)

Forced Oscillations 16
Using Euler's formula:

= cos( ) i sin( )
z = e
i

on obtain where

(15)

Forced Oscillations 17
= x +y ,
2 2

y tan = x

(16)

Taking into account (14), (15) and (16), result that the complex number in the denominator in (12) can be write as ( 2 2 ) + 2 i = e i 0 (17)

Forced Oscillations 18
where = ( ) + 4 , tan = 2 2 2
2 0 2 2 2 2

(18)

Therefore we can write the relation (12) in the form f0 1 i (19) a = i = e f0

Forced Oscillations 19
Substituting the value given by (18) and the value of f0 given by (7) into (19), on obtain the following expression for the complex amplitude a
a= f0 ( ) + 4
2 0 2 2 2 2

i ( )

=ae

i ( )

(20)

Forced Oscillations 20
Introduction of the value of a given by (20) into (9), gives the complex expression for

x = ae

i ( t + )

(21)

The expression for the particular solution x2 of non-homogeneous differential equation by , is obtained taking the (4), denotedx real part of

Forced Oscillations 21
2 (22) (0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2 Therefore, the general solution of Eq. (4) has the form f0 = a e t cos( t + ) + x cos( t + )
1 1 1 2 (0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

x2 =

f0

cos( t + )

(23)

Forced Oscillations 22
The first term from (5.75) is called the transit term. It describes the transition of the forced oscillator from a given initial state to a final stationary state, when the amplitude of the oscillations remain constant and their frequency coincide with the frequency of the external force. This time is called the relaxation time and is denoted by .

Forced Oscillations 23
Its value is = 1/ , where is the damping coefficient. Obviously, a e t cos( t + ) 0 when t . 1 1 1 Practically on consider that the transit term can be neglected when t > . Hence for t > the solution of the differential ecuation for the forced oscillator has the form

Forced Oscillations 24
cos( t + ) (24) x= 2 (0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2 The solution (24) can be written in the form x = a cos( t + ) (25) where f0

Forced Oscillations 25
a = f0
2 (0 2 )2 + 4 2 2

, and

2 = arctan 2 0 2

(26) The oscillations described by the solution (25), where a and are determined by (26) are called stationary forced oscillations.
f0 = F0 m

Forced Oscillations 26
Since , the expression of the amplitude of forced oscillations can be written as follows:
F0 f0 = m

F0 a= m

1 ( ) + 4
2 0 2 2 2 2

(27)

Forced Oscillations 27
The curve describing the dependence of the amplitude of steady-state forced oscillations on the frequency of the external force is called the amplitudefrequency characteristic. It is illustrated in Fig. 5.8.

Forced Oscillations 28
For a damped forced oscillator the maximum value of the amplitude of forced oscillations is attained at resonance, when the frequency of the external force is close to the frequency of natural oscillations of an oscillator ( 0 ).

Forced Oscillations 31
According to the formula (27), the amplitude of forced oscillations is the greater the closer is to 0 . While for damped forced oscillations the value of the amplitude in resonance is great but finite, for undamped forced oscillations this value tends to infinite.

Forced Oscillations 29
For an undamped forced oscillator the maximum value of the amplitude of forced oscillations is attained at resonance, when the frequency of the external force is equal to the frequency of natural oscillations of an oscillator ( 0 ). This frequency is called the resonance frequency and is denoted by res ( 0 ).

Forced Oscillations 30

Fig. 5.8. The amplitude-frequency characteristic

Forced Oscillations 32
The resonance frequency can be determined from the condition that value of the amplitude to attain its maximum. Hence, according to Fermats theorem, the first derivative of amplitude must vanish and the second derivative must be negative, i.e., the following conditions must be satisfied:

Forced Oscillations 33

da =0 d
d a <0 2 d
2

(28)

(29)

From (27) and (28) on obtain

Forced Oscillations 34
1 F0 d da 2 = [(0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2 ] 2 = 0 d m d

or
da 1 F0 = [( 02 d 2 m 2 )2 4 ] ( 4 02 + 2 )(
3 2 2 2

2 2 ) 0

Is easy to see that, the first derivative of 2 amplitude vanish if 2 = 0 2 2 .

Forced Oscillations 35
Hence, the resonance frequency has the form 2 2 res = 0 2 (30) Substituting the value of res given by (30) into (27), we get the following expression for the amplitude in resonance:

Forced Oscillations 36

ares = F0 2m
2 0 2

(31)

<< 0 In the case 0of small valuesof damping, when , assuming , the expression for the amplitude in resonance F0 becomes ares 2m0 (32)

Forced Oscillations 37
The dependence of the amplitude of steady-state forced oscillations on the frequency of the external force for different values of the damping coefficient is illustrated in Fig. 5.9. According to (31) and (32) the value of the amplitude in resonance is the greater the smaller is the value of the damping coefficient .

Forced Oscillations 38

Fig. 5.9. The dependence of the amplitude of steady-state forced oscillations on the frequency of the external force for different values of the daming coefficient .

Forced Oscillations 38
In the case of small values of the frequency of the external force, when << 0 0 , assuming , the expression for the amplitude of forced oscillations given by (27), becomes

F0 a 2 m0

(33)

Forced Oscillations 39
The above value of the amplitude coincides to the value of the amplitude of forced oscillations under the action of an external constant force ( F = F0 = const an t ). Denoting by astatic the value of this amplitude, we can write F0 astatic (34) 2

m0

Forced Oscillations 40
The Quality Factor (Q-Factor). This factor is defined as the ratio between the value of the amplitude in resonance and the value of the amplitude corresponding to an external constant force:
ares Q= astatic F0 2m0 0 2 = = = = = F0 2 2 2T T 2 m0

(35)

Forced Oscillations 41
where is the damping coefficient and is the logarithmic decrement. Width of the Resonance Curve. As we know the energy of a linear oscillator is proportional to the square of the amplitude of oscillations. Let us consider the curve describing the dependence of the square of the amplitude on the frequency of the external force (Fig. 5.10).

Forced Oscillations 42

Fig. 5.10. The dependence of the square of the amplitude on the frequency of the external force.

Forced Oscillations 42
The distance on the frequency scale between the two values of frequency at which the square of the amplitude is reduced to half its maximum value attained in resonance is called the halfwidth of the resonance curve.

Forced Oscillations 43
In order to derive the expression of the width of the resonance curve, let us start from the formula (27) describing the amplitude of the forced oscillations. The square of the amplitude has the form:
1 1 F0 F0 2 a = = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 m (0 ) + 4 m ( 0 ) ( 0 + ) +4
2 2

(36)

Forced Oscillations 44
Near the resonance 0 we can assume that + 0 20 . Let us denote 0 = / 2 where << 0. Substituting + 0 20 and 0 = / 2 into (36) we get

1 F0 a 2 2 2 2 m 0 ( ) + 4 0
2

(37)

Forced Oscillations 45
Taking into account (32), the square of the amplitude in resonance has the form
a
2 res

1 F0 = 2 2 m 4 0

(38)

Since / 2 is the half-width of the resonance curve we can write

Forced Oscillations 46

1 2 2 ares = a 2

(39)

Substituting (37) and (38) into (39) on obtain:

1 1 1 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 ( ) + 4 0

(40)

Forced Oscillations 47
Solving the above equation we get the following expression for the width of the resonance curve:
= 2

(41)

where is the damping coefficient. Hence the width of the resonance curve is proportional to the damping coefficient.

Power of the Forced Oscillator.

As we know, the solution of differential equation of forced oscilations has the form

x = a cos( t + )
a= f0 ( ) + 4
2 0 2 2 2 2

(1)

where

(2)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

and
sin = 2
2 0 2 2 2

( ) + 4

,2 cos =

02 2
( 02 2 )2 + 4
2

(3) 2

cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin Using the formula

(4)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

The solution given by (1) can be written as follows x = a cos( t + ) cos + sin( t + sin (5) a ) or using the substitution,
C1 = a sin

C2 = a cos

(6)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

on obtain

x = C1 sin( t + ) + C2 cos( t + ) (7)

where
2 f 0 C1 = ( 2 2 )2 + 4 2 2 0

and

2 (0 2 ) f 0 C2 = 2 2 2 2 2 (8) (0 ) + 4

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Let us derive the expressions for the average power developed by the external force and the average power dissipated by the oscillator. The power provided by the external force. In this case the power has the form

& P (t ) = F x 1

(9)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

where, the velocity, x , is given by the & derivative of x given by (7).
& x = C1 cos( t + ) C2 sin( t + ) (10)

and the external force, F, has the form (11) F = F cos( t + )

0

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Substituting (10) and (11) into (9), on obtain
P (t ) = F0 cos( t + )[ C1 cos( t + ) C2 sin( t + )] 1

or

(12)

P (t ) = F0 [ C1 cos 2( t + ) C 2 cos( t + ) sin( t + )] 1

(13)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Using the relations
1 + cos 2( t + ) cos ( t + ) = 2
2

sin 2( t + ) sin( t + ) cos( + ) = t 2

(14)

the expression (13) becomes

Power of the Forced Oscillator

C1 C1 cos 2( t + ) C2 sin 2( t + ) P (t ) = F0 [ + ] 1 2 2 2

(15)

The average power provided by the external force during a interval of time equal with one period is has the form
1 < P (t ) >= P (t ) dt 1 1 T 0
T

(16)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Since

1 < cos 2( t + ) >= cos 2( t + )dt = 0 T 0 T 1 < sin 2( t + ) >= sin 2( t + )dt = 0 T 0
substituting

(17)

P ( t) 1

given by (15) into (16)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

on obtain

F0 C1 < P (t ) >= 1 2

(18)

Substituting C1 given by (8) in (18) and using the relation F0 = mf 0 on obtain the following expression for the average power of the external force:

Power of the Forced Oscillator

2 f 02 m < P (t ) >= 2 1 2 2 2 2 (0 ) + 4

(19)

Power Dissipated by the Oscillator. In this case the power has the form

& P2 (t ) = Ff x

(20)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

where

& Ff = x

(21)

is the friction force. Substituting Ff given by (21) and by (10) into (20) on obtain:

& x given

Power of the Forced Oscillator

2 P2 ( t)= 2

[ C1 c2o s (

+C 2 s2in +(

) 2 C 1 C 2 s+in (

(22) then, using the relations (5.107) and also the relation (23) 1 cos 2( t + ) 2
sin ( t + ) = 2

on obtain

Power of the Forced Oscillator

(24) The average power dissipated by the oscillator during a interval of time equal with one period has the form
1 < P2 (t ) >= P2 (t ) dt T 0
T

C12 P2 ( t) = [ 2
2

C12cos 2( + t ) + 2

C 22 C 22 2( t +) cos + 2 2

C 1C 2sin 2( t

)]

(25)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Taking into account that < cos 2( t + ) >= 0 and < sin 2( t + ) >= 0 then, from (24) and (25) on obtain:
2 2 1 2 2

(C + C ) < P2 (t ) >= 2 (26)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Substitututing C1 and C2 given by (8) into (26), and using the relation = 2 m on obtain
2 f 02 m < P2 (t ) >= 2 (0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

(27)

Power of the Forced Oscillator

Therefore, form a comparison of the relations (19) and (27) result that the average power provided by the external force is identical in value and opposite in sign with the average power dissipated by the oscillator.