Chapter : Overview of Database Management System

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What is Data and Information?

Data are raw facts which can be manipulated. It can exist in any form, usable or not. Data is required in the operation of any organization, and the same or similar data may be required for various purposes. Information... information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. Processed data is information. Information is the manipulation of data. In the other words, information is the summarization of data in a presentable form. Data consists of facts, which become information when they are processed and convey meaning to people. 4/7/2012 1:45 AM 2

Knowledge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information becomes knowledge.

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What is Database?

A database is an organized collection of facts. In other words we can say that it is a collection of information arranged and presented to serve an assigned purpose. A database management system (DBMS), or simply a database system (DBS), consists of A collection of interrelated and persistent data (usually referred to as the database (DB)). A set of application programs used to access, update and manage that data (which form the data management system (MS)).
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DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data. Primary goal of a DBMS is to provide a way to store and retrieve database information that is both convenient and efficient. Examples of DBMS are Banking System, Universities, Airlines, etc.

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DISADVANTAGES OF FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OVER DATABASE SYSTEM

DATA REDUNDANCY & INCONSISTENCY DIFFICULTY IN ACCESSING DATA DATA ISOLATION INTEGRITY PROBLEMS ATOMICITY PROBLEMS CONCURRENT-ACCESS

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ADVANTAGES OF DATABASE SYSTEM

Reduced redundancy and inconsistency Data access Data sharing Data Integrity Centralized management Data security

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VIEW OF DATA

A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is, the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained.

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1. Data Abstraction

Since many database-systems user are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to simplilfy users interactions with the system. Data abstraction contains 3 levels.

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PHYSICAL (OR INTERNAL) LEVEL: Every data is basically stored in physical level, If we make any change in this level this change will remain permanently. Every DDL commands are related with physical level. Data are stored in binary format in this level.

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LOGICAL (OR CONCEPTUAL) LEVEL: The next higher level of abstraction describes what data are stored in the database, and what is the relationships exit among those data. In logical level data are stored as it is. In output we see the data are stored in table format, this is actually stored in logical level. Every DML commands are stored in conceptual level.

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VIEW (OR EXTERNAL) LEVEL: In view level user are included. In this level user decide what they want to see & according to that output is created. At a same time more than one user can access the same data.

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View diagram

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2. INSTANCES AND SCHEMAS

Databases change over time. The collection of information stored in a database at a particular moment in time is called an instance of the database. The overall design of the database is called the database schema. Analogy with programming languages:

Data type definition - schema Value of a variable - instance

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3. Data Independent

All the application can be change without affecting logical level and the data in logical level can be change without affecting application program.
Logical data independence: It means we can change the data of logical level without affecting application program or external level. Mapping will observe the change. Physical data independence: It means if you make changes at physical level then it will not affect to logical level as well as view level.
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DATABASE LANGUAGES (DML & DDL)

Data Definition Language (DDL): Used to specify a database scheme as a set of definitions expressed in a DDL. The storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified by a set of definitions in a special type of DDL called a data storage and definition language.
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Data Manipulation Language (DML) is:

retrieval of information from the database insertion of new information into the database deletion of information from the database modification of information in the database

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A DML is a language which enables users to access and manipulate data. The goal is to provide efficient human interaction with the system

There are two types of DML: procedural: the user specifies what data is needed and how to get it nonprocedural (or declarative): the user only specifies what data is needed A query is a statement requesting the retrieval of information.

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DCL (Data Control Language): Is a language, which includes the commands, which are used to give or remove access rights to both the Oracle database and the structures within it. The examples are GRANT & REVOKE.

DQL (Data Query Language): It is the component of SQL statement that allows getting data from the database and imposing ordering upon it. In includes the SELECT statement.
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Database Administrator
The database administrator is a person having central control over data and program accessing that data

Duties of Database Administrator

Scheme definition(DDL) Storage structure and access method definition Scheme and physical organization modification Granting of authorization Routine maintenance(Backup of the database) Integrity constraint specification

Database users

Application programmers -they are computer professionals -interacts with DML. -used application programs -generate forms and display data Sophisticated users -interact with the system without writing programs -form requests by writing queries -send query to query processor

Continue database users

Specialized users -writing special database programs -program may be CAD systems ,knowledge based and expert systems Inexperience users/Naive users -they are unsophisticated users -used permanent application programs e.g. automated teller machine

Database Dictionary
It contains list of all files in the database The number of records in each file Names and types of each field Most database systems hidden data dictionary from the users

Different Types of DBMS

Distributed Databases Client-Server systems Object-Oriented DBMS Object Relational DBMS

Distributed Databases

It is a database that is physically stored in two or more computers It is worked in computer networks Manages as a single collection of data A set of databases stored on multiple computers can be simultaneously accessed and modified using network It provides trasparency,relaibility and availability Improved scalability

Client-Server systems
The database is stored at central server It is divided into front-end and backend. Front end provides forms, report writers Back-end manages access structures query evolution and optimization, concurrency control and recovery. The interface between front-end and

Object-oriented DBMS
It treat data as objects It provides distribution and high performance access It requires standard query language OQL. It is used in network management systems

Object Relational DBMS

It is the evolution of a relational database It is embedded with object oriented capabilities It is more powerful because it is the combination of object oriented and relational concept Oracle 8i are relational database and applications to oracle 8i without writing them It provides features like extensibility, inheritance and polymorphism

Overall system structure

File manager Database manager Query processor DML precompiler DDL compiler Data files Data dictionary