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40166
Oracle Database 10g SQL Model Clause

Andy Witkowski, Architect Thomas Kyte, VP Oracle Corporation
Whats now in SQL for Modeling

Aggregation Enhancements

Cube, Rollup, Grouping Sets New aggregates: Inverse Distribution, FIRST/LAST,etc Window Functions: Rank, Moving, Cumulative Statistical Functions: Correlation, Linear Regression,etc
Analytic Functions

Old tools still have more modeling power SQL Model enhances SQL with modeling power than SQL
Spreadsheets, MOLAP engines
Case Study Modeling with Excel at the personal scale Excel fits well

UI and Formatting Calculations (build-in functions, formulas) What-If analysis
Excel fits poorly at corporate scale for modeling

Cryptic row-column addressing No metadata, No standards, No mathematical model 100s of spreadsheets and consolidation by hand ReplaceDoes not scale (1000s formulas, TB of Excel Modeling with SQL Modeling data)
Modeling with SQL Model

Language: Spreadsheet-like calculations in SQL

Inter-row calculation. Treats relations as an N-Dim array Symbolic references to cells and their ranges Multiple Formulas over N-Dim arrays Automatic Formula Ordering Recursive Model Solving Model is a relation & can be processed further in SQL Multiple arrays with different dimensionality in one query Parallel Processing in partitioning & formulas Multiple-self joins with one data access structure Multiple UNIONs with one data access structure Automatic Consolidation (models as views combine using SQL) Self Adjusting (as database changes no need to redefine)
Performance

Why Better?

SQL Model Concepts
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Define Relation as Array

SELECT prod, time, s FROM sales
1999 2000 2001
Relation Array
time
1 5 9 vcr
2 6 0 dvd prod
3 7 1 tv
4 8 2 pc
DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Define Business Rules

Relation Array
time
1 5 9 vcr
2 6 0 dvd prod
3 7 1 tv
4 8 2 pc
1999 2000 2001
DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[ANY, 2000] = s[CV(prod), CV(time) - 1] * 2, s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000], s[dvd, 2002] =AVG(s) [CV(prod), time<2001] )
Sales in 2000 2x of previous Predict year vcr sales in 2002 Predict dvd sales in 2002
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Evaluate Formulas 1st

1999 2000 2001
Relation Array
1 2 9 vcr 2 4 0 dvd 3 6 1 tv 4 8 2 pc
DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[ANY, 2000] = s[CV(prod), CV(time) - 1] * 2, s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000], s[dvd, 2002] = AVG(s) [CV(prod), time<2001] )
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Evaluate Formulas 2nd

1999 2000 2001 2002
Relation
1 2 9 11 vcr dvd tv pc 2 4 0 3 6 1 4 8 2
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Evaluate Formulas 3rd

1999 2000 2001 2002
Relation
1 2 9 2 4 0 3 6 1 4 8 2
11 3 vcr dvd tv pc
prod time
vcr dvd 2001 2001 9 0
Return as Relation
Relation
1 2 9 2 4 0 3 6 1 4 8 2 1999 2000 2001 2002 tv pc
11 3 vcr dvd
Self-join. join + UNION join + UNION Relation again

vcr dvd vcr dvd 2001 2001 2002 2002 9 0 11 3
Rows updated & inserted by the Model clause
Model Clause Components

Model clause Partitioning
SELECT region, prod, time, s Dims of array FROM sales GROUP BY region, prod, time MODEL PARTITION BY (region) DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (sum(sales) s, count(sales) c) RULES ITERATE ( ) UNTIL ( ) Model options ( s[ANY, 2000] = s[CV(prod), CV(time) - 1], s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], Formulas UPSERT s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, time < 2001] ) ORDER BY region, product, time, s;
Formula Options
Key Concepts (1)

New SQL Model Clause:

Data as N-dim arrays with DIMENSIONS & MEASURES Data can be PARTITION-ed - creates an array per partition Formulas defined over the arrays express a (business) model Use symbolic addressing using familiar array notation Can be ordered automatically based on dependency between cells Can be recursive with a convergence condition recursive models Can UPDATE or UPSERT cells Support most SQL functions including aggregates
Formulas within a Model:

Key Concepts (2)

Result of a SQL Model is a relation

Can participate further in processing via joins, etc. Can define views containing Model computations Executed after joins, aggregation, window functions Before ORDER BY Can relate models of different dimensionality
SQL Model is the last query clause

Main Model and Reference Models
Formula Fundamentals (1)

Formulas: SQL expressions over cells with aggs, functions, etc. Formula has a left and right side and represents assignment

s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2001] + s[vcr, 2000] s[vcr, 2002] = AVG(s)[vcr, t<2002] right
single ref multi ref on
Left side can qualify multiple cells

s[p IN (vcr,dvd), t<2002] = 1000 multi ref on left s[ANY, t=2002] = 2 * s[CV(p), CV(t)-1] left-right correlation s[p IN (SELECT prod FROM prod_tb), 2000] = 1000
Formula can operate in update or upsert mode

Function CV(dimension) propagates values from left to the right side. In example, products in 2002 are sum of two previous years. s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t)-1] +s[CV(p), CV(t) 2]

Function CV(dimension) propagates values from left to the right side. In example, products in 2002 are sum of two previous years. s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t) -1] + s[CV(p), CV(t) 2] Formula result can depend on processing order. Can specify order in each formula. E.g., shift by time: s[vcr, ANY] ORDER BY t = s[vcr, CV(t) - 1]

Function CV(dimension) propagates values from left to the right side. In example, products in 2002 are sum of two previous years. s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t) -1] + s[CV(p), CV(t) 2] Formula result can depend on processing order. Can specify order in each formula. vcr 2001 300.00 0 E.g., shift by time: 300.00 vcr 2002 350.00 vcr 2003 400.00 s[vcr, ANY] ORDER BY t = s[vcr, CV(t) - 1]
vcr vcr 2004 2005 450.00 500.00 ORDER BY t

Function CV(dimension) propagates values from left to the right side. E.g, products in 2002 are sum of two previous years s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t) -1] + s[CV(p), CV(t) 2] Formula result can depend on processing order. Can specify order in each formula. E.g., shift by time: vcr 2001 300.00 0 s[vcr, ANY] 2002 350.00 BY t = s[vcr, CV(t) - 1] ORDER 300.00 vcr
vcr vcr vcr 2003 2004 2005 400.00 350.00 450.00 500.00
ORDER BY t

Function CV(dimension) propagates values from left to the right side. E.g, products in 2002 are sum of two previous years s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), CV(t) -1] + s[CV(p), CV(t) 2] Formula result can depend on processing order. Can specify order in each formula. E.g., shift by time: vcr 2001 300.00 0 s[vcr, ANY] 2002 350.00 BY t = s[vcr, CV(t) - 1] ORDER 300.00 vcr
vcr vcr vcr 2003 2004 2005 400.00 350.00 450.00 400.00 500.00 450.00
ORDER BY t
Model Options Fundamentals

global options
MODEL [ UNIQUE DIMENSIONS | UNIQUE SINGLE REFERENCE ] [ IGNORE NAV | KEEP NAV ] PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) RULES [ UPDATE | UPSERT ] rule [ AUTOMATIC ORDER | SEQUENTIAL ORDER ] ( s[ANY, 2002] = 1.2 * s[CV(product), 2002], s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2000], s[video, 2003] = s[dvd, 2003], s[vcr, 2003] )
options
NAV Options: Handling Sparse Datadvd 2001 300.00 West

West tv West vcr West vcr 2002 2001 2002 500.00 200.00 400.00
MODEL KEEP NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001] s[tv ,2003] = sum(s) [tv, t BETWEEN 2001 AND 2002] ) keep nav
2001
West West West West West West dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr 2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002 300.00 500.00 500.00 200.00 400.00

MODEL INGNORE NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001] s[tv ,2003] = sum(s) [tv, t BETWEEN 2001 AND 2002] ) ignore nav West West West West West West dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr 2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002 300.00 500.00 300.00 500.00 200.00 400.00
assume 0

MODEL KEEP NAV PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001] s[tv ,2003] = sum(s) [tv, t BETWEEN 2001 AND 2002] ) keep nav ignore nav
2001
assume 0
West West West West West West
dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr
2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002
300.00 500.00 500.00 200.00 400.00
West West West West West West
dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr
2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002
300.00 500.00 300.00 500.00 200.00 400.00
Automatic Formula OrderingDIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) MODEL PARTITION BY (r)

RULES UPDATE AUTOMATIC ORDER ( F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2002], F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999] )

RULES UPDATE AUTOMATIC ORDER ( F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2002], F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999] ) F1 depends on F3 and F2 depends on F3, thus F3 automatically first:

RULES UPDATE AUTOMATIC ORDER ( F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2002], F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999] ) F1 depends on F3 and F2 depends on F3, thus F3 automatically first: RULES UPDATE AUTOMATIC ORDER ( F3: s[ANY, 2002] = s[CV(p), 2001] + s[CV(p), 1999] F2: s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001], F1: s[vcr, 2003] = AVG(s) [vcr, t BETWEEN 1995 AND 2000] )
UPDATE, UPSERT & Region Product s Partitions Time

East East East West dvd dvd vcr dvd 2001 2002 2002 2001 100 150 100 200
MODEL PARTITION BY (r) DIMENSION BY (p,t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPDATE IGNORE NAV ( UPDATE s[vcr, 2002] = s[vcr, 2002] * 1.2, UPSERT s[dvd, 2003] = s[dvd, 2002] + s[dvd, 2001] )

Region East East East West
Product Time dvd 2001 dvd 2002 vcr 2002 dvd 2001
Old s 100 150 100 200
New s 100 100 120 200
updated

Region East East East East West
Product Time dvd 2001 dvd 2002 vcr 2002 dvd dvd 2003 2001
Old s 100 150 100 200
New s 100 100 120 250 200
updated upserted
Different dimensions: Reference dimensions. Represent each as nRelate Models with different
dimensional array: one main, others as reference or lookup arrays.
Sales Table c USA USA Poland France p dvd tv vcr vcr t 2001 2001 2001 2001 s 300.00 $ 500.00 $ 200.00 zl 100.00 fr Conv table converts currency to $ c USA Poland France ratio 1 0.24 0.12
SELECT c, p, t, s FROM sales MODEL REFERENCE convert ON (SELECT c, ratio FROM conv) DBY (c) MEASURES(r) MAIN DIMENSION BY (c,p,t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[ANY, ANY, ANY] = r[CV(c)] * s[CV(c), CV(p), CV(t)] )
Different dimensions: Reference Sales Table

c USA USA Poland France p dvd tv vcr vcr t 2001 2001 2001 2001 s 300.00 $ 500.00 $ 200.00 zl 100.00 fr
Conv table converts currency to $ c ratio USA 1 Poland 0.24 France 0.12
SELECT c, p, t, s FROM sales MODEL REFERENCE convert ON (SELECT c, ratio FROM conv) DBY (c) MEASURES(r) MAIN DIMENSION BY (c,p,t) MEASURES (s) RULES UPSERT ( s[ANY, ANY, ANY] = r[CV(c)] * s[CV(c), CV(p), CV(t)] ) USA USA Poland France dvd tv vcr vcr 2001 2001 2001 2001 300.00 $ 500.00 $ 48.00 $ 12.00 $
Converted values
Recursive Model Solving

Model can contain cyclic (recursive) formulas. - If cyclic formulas desired, use ITERATE option - If ITERATE not present, cyclic formulas automatically detected, and an error reported. Use ITERATE clause to specify # of iterations or Use FROM dual SELECT x, s UNTIL clause to specify convergence conditions MODEL DIMENSION BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s)
RULES ITERATE (8) ( s[1] = s[1] / 2 ) Iteration 1 2 S value 1024 512 3 128 4 64 5 32 6 16 7 8 8 4



Recursive Model Solving Model can contain with Until cyclic (recursive) formulas.
- If cyclic formulas desired, use ITERATE option - If ITERATE not present, cyclic formulas automatically detected, and an error reported. Use ITERATE clause to specify # of iterations or Use FROM dual SELECT x, s UNTIL clause to specify convergence conditions MODEL DIMENSION BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s)
RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (PREVIOUS(s[1]) s[1] <= 1) ( s[1] = s[1] / 2 ) Iteration 1 2 S value 1024 512 3 256 4 128 5 64 6 32 7 16 8 8 9 4 10 2
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 512
Recursive Model Solving Model can contain with Until cyclic (recursive) formulas.
- If cyclic formulas desired, use ITERATE option - If ITERATE not present, cyclic formulas automatically detected, and an error reported. Use ITERATE clause to specify # of iterations or Use FROM dual SELECT x, s UNTIL clause to specify convergence conditions MODEL DIMENSION BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s)
RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (PREVIOUS(s[1]) s[1] <= 1) ( s[1] = s[1] / 2 ) Iteration 1 2 S value 1024 512 3 256 4 128 5 64 6 32 7 16 8 8 9 4 10 2
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 256
Recursive Model Solving Model can contain with Until cyclic (recursive) formulas. They
are automatically detected, and error is reported. Unless cycles are intentional which is indicated with ITERATE option Use ITERATE clause to specify # of iterations or Use UNTIL to specify convergence conditions. Stop
SELECT x, s FROM dual if true. MODEL DIMENSION BY (1 x) MEASURES (1024 s) RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (PREVIOUS(s[1]) s[1] <= 1) ( s[1] = s[1] / 2 ) Iteration 1 2 S value 1024 512 3 256 4 128 5 64 6 32 7 16
8 8
9 4
10 2
previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 4
SQL Model Business Examples
Time Series Calculation (1) the ratio of current month sales of each product to Compute
sales one year ago, one quarter ago and one month ago. Assume: Sales cube with product sales per year, quarter, and month & a time table mapping periods to prior year, quarter and month
time table: maps t to y_ago, q_ago, m_ago t 1999m01 1999m02 y_ago 1998m01 1998m02 q_ago 1998m10 1998m11 m_ago 1998-m12 1999-m01 t 1999m01 1999m02 Sales cube: prod sales per y, q, m product vcr vcr sales 100.00 120.00 360.00
1999-q01 1998-q01 1998-q04 NULL
1999-q01 vcr
Time Series Calculation (2)
Reference model with Time table acts like look-up table
CV carries values from the left side to the right side Without Model, you need 3 outer joins and a regular join
SELECT product, sales, r_y_ago, r_q_ago, r_m_ago FROM sales_cube MODEL REFERENCE r ON (SELECT * from time) DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (y_ago, q_ago, m_ago) MAIN PARTITION BY (product) DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (sales, 0 r_y_ago, 0 r_q_ago, 0 r_m_ago) RULES ( r_y_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ y_ago[CV(t)] ], -- year ago r_q_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ q_ago[CV(t)] ], -- quarter ago r_m_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ m_ago[CV(t)] ] -- month ago );
Time Series Calculation (3) the ratio of current period sales of each product to sales a Compute
year ago, quarter ago and a month ago. For each row, we use the reference Model to find 3 other rows.
Sales cube: prod sales per y, q, m t product sales 1999m01 1999m02 vcr vcr 100.00 120.00 360.00 370.00
r_y_ago 0.050
r_q_ago 0.280
a_m_ago 0.830
1999-q01 vcr 1998-q04 vcr
Sales cube: prod sales per y, q, m t product sales 1999m01 1999m02 vcr vcr 100.00 120.00 360.00 370.00 0.160 0.970 null
r_y_ago 0.050 0.055
r_q_ago 0.280 0.330
a_m_ago 0.830
1999-q01 vcr 1998-q04 vcr
Sales cube: prod sales per y, q, m t product sales 1999m01 1999m02 vcr vcr 100.00 120.00 360.00 370.00 0.160 0.970 null null
r_y_ago 0.050 0.055
r_q_ago 0.280 0.330
a_m_ago 0.830 ...
1999-q01 vcr 1998-q04 vcr
Recursive Model Solving: Ledgerhave accounts: Net income, Interest, Taxes, etc. In my ledger, I (1)
I want to have 30 % of my Net income as Interest (F1) My Net income is Salary minus Interest, minus Tax (F2) Taxes are 38% of Gross (salaryinterest) and 28% of Capital_gain (F3)
SELECT account, b FROM ledger MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION (account) MEASURES (balance b) RULES ITERATE (..) UNTIL .. ( b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30, --F1 b[net] = b[salary] b[interest] b[tax], --F2 b[tax] = (b[salary] b[interest]) * 0.38 + b[capital_gain] *0.28 --F3 )
Recursive Model Solving: Ledgerhave accounts: Net income, Interest, Taxes, etc. In my ledger, I (1)
I want to have 30 % of my Net income as Interest (F1) My Net income is Salary minus Interest, minus Tax (F2) Taxes are 38% of Gross (salaryinterest) and 28% of Capital_gain (F3)
SELECT account, b FROM ledger MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION (account) MEASURES (balance b) RULES ITERATE (..) UNTIL .. ( b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30, --F1 b[net] = b[salary] b[interest] b[tax], --F2 b[tax] = (b[salary] b[interest]) * 0.38 + b[capital_gain] *0.28 --F3 ) net
F1
interest interest
F2
tax
F3
two cycles in the formulas
Recursive Model Solving: Ledgerknow Salary & Capital_gains. What are my In my ledger, I (2)
Net income, Interest expense & Taxes?
SELECT account, b FROM ledger MODEL IGNORE NAV DIMENSION BY (account) MEASURES (balance b) RULES ITERATE (10000) UNTIL (ABS(b[net] - PREVIOUS(b[net])) < 0.01) ( b[interest] = b[net] * 0.30, b[net] = b[salary] b[interest] b[tax], b[tax] = (b[salary] b[interest]) * 0.38 + b[capital_gain] *0.28 ) Input Ledger
Account Balance salary 100,000 capital_gains 15,000 net 0 tax 0 interest 0
Output Iterate till accuracy of .01

Account salary capital_gains net tax interest Balance 100,000 15,000 100,000 42,220 30,000
after 1st iteration
Recursive Model Solving: Ledger (2) In my ledger, I know Salary & Capital_gains. What is my Net & Taxes?

after 2nd iteration
Recursive Model Solving: Ledger (2) In my ledger, I know Salary & Capital_gains. What is my Net & Taxes?

after reaching accuracy (26 iterations)
Financial Functions: NPVpresent value of a series of periodic cash flows. NPV net
Cash_Flow table year 1999 i 0 prod vcr amount npv -100.00
values i (1 + rate) i
amount
(1 + rate) i
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 10.00 20.00 -200.00
2000
dvd
22.00
Financial Functions: NPV

NPV net present value of a series of periodic cash flows.
amount
(1 + rate) i
amount[1]/power(1+rate,1) + npv[1-1]
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 10.00 20.00 -200.00
2000
dvd
22.00

Cash_Flow table year 1999 i 0 prod vcr amount npv -100.00 amount[2]/power(1+rate,2) + npv[2-1]
amount
(1 + rate) i
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 10.00 20.00 -200.00
2000
dvd
22.00

amount
(1 + rate) i
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 10.00 20.00 -200.00
amount[3]/power(1+rate,3) + npv[3-1]
2000
dvd
22.00

amount
(1 + rate) i
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 10.00 20.00 -200.00 amount[i]/power(1+rate, i) + npv[i-1] npv[ANY] ORDER BY i = amount[ CV(i) ] / power(1+rate, CV(i)) + npv[CV(i) 1]
2000
dvd
22.00
Financial Functions: NPV amount (2) Net present value of a series of i NPV
periodic cash flows.
Cash_Flow table and npv for rate = 0.14 year 1999 i 0 prod vcr amount npv
(1 + rate) i
-100.00 -100.00
2000 2001 2002 1999
1 2 3 0
vcr vcr vcr dvd
12.00 -89.47 10.00 -81.78 20.00 -68.28 -200.00 -200.00
SELECT year, i, prod, amount, npv FROM cash_flow MODEL PARTITION BY (prod) DIMENSION BY (i) MEASURES (amount, 0 npv, year) RULES ( npv[ 0] = amount[0], npv[i !=0] ORDER BY i = amount[ CV() ] / POWER(1.14, CV() ) + npv[CV() - 1] )
2000
dvd
22.00 -180.70
SQL Model Performance
SQL Model Time Series

Earlier example: ratio of sales to year, quarter and month ago
SELECT product, sales, r_y_ago, r_q_ago, r_m_ago FROM sales_cube MODEL REFERENCE r ON (SELECT * from time) DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (y_ago, q_ago, m_ago) MAIN PARTITION BY (product) DIMENSION BY (t) MEASURES (sales, 0 r_y_ago, 0 r_q_ago, 0 r_m_ago) RULES ( r_y_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ y_ago[CV(t)] ], -- year ago r_q_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ q_ago[CV(t)] ], -- quarter ago r_m_ago[ANY] = s[CV(t)] / s[ m_ago[CV(t)] ] -- month ago );
ANSI SQL version needs outer join for each formula plus a join for reference model. N formulas, M reference models N+M joins 4 joins in this example: sales_cube time sales_cube sales_cube sales_cube
SQL Model vs. ANSI Joins

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Number of rules or joins 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 SQL Model
Query response time
ANSI joins
Summary
New facility for spreadsheet-like computations in SQL High Performance

Replaces multiple joins, unions Scalable in size and parallel processing Powerful optimizations
Collaborative analysis Move external processing such as spreadsheets into RDBMs for manageability and consolidation
Next Steps.
Demonstration at Oracle DEMOgrounds

Exhibit hall, Booth 1326, Database Area Monday: 5:00 PM - 8:00, Tuesday: 10:30 - 1:00, 3:00 - 6:00, Wednesday: 11:00 - 4:30, Thursday: 10:30 - 2:00 Marriott Hotel - Golden Gate B1 Lab Section: Use Information from your Data Warehouse Lesson 1: Using the SQL Model clause Monday: 10:30 - 5:00, Tuesday: 8:30 - 12:30, 3:00 - 5:00, Wednesday: 8:30 - 4:30, Thursday: 8:30 - 2:30
Hands-on Lab

Reminder please complete the OracleWorld online session survey Thank you.
Q U E S T I O N S A N S W E R S
Q & A

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Oracle Database 10g SQL Model Clause

Whats now in SQL for Modeling

Spreadsheets, MOLAP engines

UI and Formatting Calculations (build-in functions, formulas) What-If analysis

Excel fits poorly at corporate scale for modeling

Modeling with SQL Model

SQL Model Concepts

Define Relation as Array

DIMENSION BY (prod, time) MEASURES (s)

Define Business Rules

1999 2000 2001

Evaluate Formulas 1st

Evaluate Formulas 2nd

Evaluate Formulas 3rd

Self-join. join + UNION join + UNION Relation again

Rows updated & inserted by the Model clause

Model Clause Components

Key Concepts (1)

Formulas within a Model:

Key Concepts (2)

SQL Model is the last query clause

Main Model and Reference Models

Formula Fundamentals (1)

single ref multi ref on

Left side can qualify multiple cells

Formula can operate in update or upsert mode

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Formula Fundamentals (2)

Model Options Fundamentals

NAV Options: Handling Sparse Datadvd 2001 300.00 West

NAV Options: Handling Sparse Datadvd 2001 300.00 West

NAV Options: Handling Sparse Datadvd 2001 300.00 West

West West West West West West

dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr

2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002

300.00 500.00 500.00 200.00 400.00

West West West West West West

dvd tv dvd tv vcr vcr

2001 2002 2003 2003 2001 2002

300.00 500.00 300.00 500.00 200.00 400.00

Automatic Formula OrderingDIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) MODEL PARTITION BY (r)

Automatic Formula OrderingDIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) MODEL PARTITION BY (r)

Automatic Formula OrderingDIMENSION BY (p, t) MEASURES (s) MODEL PARTITION BY (r)

UPDATE, UPSERT & Region Product s Partitions Time

UPDATE, UPSERT & Region Product s Partitions Time

Region East East East West

Old s 100 150 100 200

New s 100 100 120 200

UPDATE, UPSERT & Region Product s Partitions Time

Region East East East East West

Old s 100 150 100 200

New s 100 100 120 250 200

Different dimensions: Reference Sales Table

Recursive Model Solving

Recursive Model Solving

Recursive Model Solving

Recursive Model Solving

previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 512

previous(s[1]) - s[1] = 256