PRESENTATION ON

CCNA

Submitted By :
RAVI CHOUDHARY

ECE ,7TH Sem 1708457

Contents
Packet Tracer CISCO Routers Configuration of Routers Working Modes of Router Routing

What is Packet Tracer?

Packet Tracer is a simulation software that can be used to simulate the behavior of real networking equipment: A Router A Hub or Switch A WAN cloud A PC/Server/Printer It allows users to create network topologies, configure devices and inject packets.

PACKET TRACER

Why Use Packet Tracer?

Teach complex CCNA-level networking concepts Design, build, configure and troubleshoot networks using virtual equipment Demonstrate technologies and configurations Supplement classroom equipment Empower students to explore concepts, conduct experiments, and test their understanding

Features
Real-time and Simulation Modes Logical Topology RIP v1, RIP v2, EIGRP, ARP, DHCP, IP Ethernet, VLANs, Inter-VLAN Routing, Frame Relay, PPP,HDLC.

Router is an internetworking component, that connects networks which are at different geographical locations.

Routers

Modular
Modular Routers

Fixed

These type of routers have upgradable slots, and the number of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.

Fixed Routers These types of routers have fixed number of ports.

Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS image. FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off. RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its information when router is turned off. The configuration present in RAM is called Running configuration. NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds routers configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.

Configuration of a Router
Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen, POST BOOT STRAP FLASH NVRAM Setup Mode ROM (mini IOS) If IOS is Corrupted

In Setup mode, there will be a message, Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N] : If Y then, initial configuration starts. If N would you like to terminate the auto installation? Press RETURN to get startedYou will land on the default prompt of the Router ROUTER >.

Router>_

Working Modes Of a Router

1. User Mode (Default mode) 2. Privilege or Administrative Mode 3. Global Configuration Mode 4. Interface Configuration Mode

USER MODE
Router> is the user mode, i.e the default prompt. It means that when ever a router boots successfully it lands into the user mode. Router cannot be configured from this mode, but it is used for just monitoring purpose. Router> en Router #

PREVILEGE MODE
Router# it is the administrating mode, we can check whether the settings and configurations made have been implemented or not. Eg. Router # Sh int e0. If it is new router all the interfaces are by default shut down, so the message will be, Ethernet 0 is administratively down, line protocol is down.

Global Configuration Mode

As the name indicates, it is a global configuration mode i.e. we can configure any interface from this mode, just by entering into the interface mode. Router# Config t Router (Config)#

Some of the important show commands in privilege mode Router# sh clock sh int (interface name eg e0) Sh history Sh memory Sh running-config Sh startup-config To save configuration from RAM TO NVRAM Router#Copy Running-config Startup-config (or) Router#Write Memory

To configure Hostname (or) Identification of Router over the network. Router#conf t Router(config)#Hostname R_2503 Router(config)#^Z To configure Logging banner. Router#conf t Router(config)#Banner Motd # Enter text message.# Router(config)#^Z

Routing Routing is of three types.

Static Dynamic Default When the destination is known, static and dynamic routing is done. For unknown destinations, default routing is employed. In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the protocol. Always the shortest path is preferred. Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored in the routing table.

Dynamic Routing
It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broadcasts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.