Chapter 2: Operating-System Structures

Operating System Concepts 8th Edition,

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009

Last week Topics

What Operating Systems Do? Distributed /Clustered Systems Special-Purpose Systems

Open-Source Operating Systems

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Operating System News

Student 1 Student 2 Student 3

Share Latest OS news in 1 to 5 minutes

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Chapter 2: Operating-System Structures

Operating System Services User Operating System Interface System Programs

Operating System Design and Implementation

Virtual Machines

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Bit , Byte and Word

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Machine cycle

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Virtual Memory

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fx_I6-dL__0

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A View of Operating System Services

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Bourne Shell Command Interpreter

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The Mac OS X GUI

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API System Call OS Relationship

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Standard C Library Example

C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call

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Types of System Calls

Process control File management Device management

Information maintenance
Communications Protection

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Examples of Windows and Unix System Calls

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MS-DOS execution

(a) At system startup (b) running a program

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FreeBSD Running Multiple Programs

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MS-DOS Layer Structure

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Layered Approach
The operating system is divided into a number of layers (levels), each built

on top of lower layers. The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware; the highest (layer N) is the user interface.
With modularity, layers are selected such that each uses functions

(operations) and services of only lower-level layers

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Traditional UNIX System Structure

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UNIX
UNIX limited by hardware functionality, the original UNIX operating

system had limited structuring. The UNIX OS consists of two separable parts

Systems programs
The kernel

Consists of everything below the system-call interface and above the physical hardware

Provides the file system, CPU scheduling, memory management, and other operating-system functions; a large number of functions for one level

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Layered Operating System

Inner circle Is more protected Than outer circle

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Microkernel System Structure

Moves as much from the kernel into user space Communication takes place between user modules using message passing Benefits:

Easier to extend a microkernel Easier to port the operating system to new architectures More reliable (less code is running in kernel mode) More secure Performance overhead of user space to kernel space communication

Detriments:

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Why do we need Virtual Machine?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V 9AiN7oJaIM&feature=related

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Virtual Machines
A virtual machine takes the layered approach to its logical

conclusion. It treats hardware and the operating system kernel as though they were all hardware
A virtual machine provides an interface identical to the

underlying bare hardware

The operating system host creates the illusion that a process

has its own processor and (virtual memory)

Each guest provided with a (virtual) copy of underlying

computer

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Virtual Machines (Cont)

Non-virtual Machine

Virtual Machine

(a) Nonvirtual machine (b) virtual machine

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Linux : CLI (COMMAND LINE INTERFACE)

26

clear Clear screen pwd Print Working Directory cd Change Directory mkdir Make Directory rmdir Remove directory ls List of directory cp file1 file2 File2 would be created.

cd dir1

Change directory to dir1 Change directory to root dir Change Directory to home dir Change Directory to home dir Rename file1 to file2 Remove file file2

cd /

cd

cd ~

mv file1 file2

rm -f file2

rm I file2
Remove file in an interactive mode

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Linux: CLI (COMMAND LINE INTERFACE)

27

cat <<filename>> See the content of file rm <<filename> Remove the file mv <<oldfilename>> <<newfilename>> Rename the file more <<filename>> View the file content, it allows scroll down less <<filename>> View the file content, it allows scroll up and down touch <<filename>> Empty file will be created

grep <<word>> filename

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End of Chapter 2

Operating System Concepts 8th Edition,

Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009