Engineering

Drawing and Design

Seventh Edition

Chapter 16

GD&T stands for Geometric

Dimensioning & Tolerancing

DIMENSION is a geometric characteristic the size of which is specified such as length,angle,location,or center distance TOLERANCE on a dimension is the total permissible variation in its size, which is equal to the difference between the limits of size.

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

DIMENSIONS OF A PART

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

TOLERANCE SIZES

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

TYPE OF TOLERANCE

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

SIZES OF MATING PARTS

Deviations
The difference between the basic size and the maximum and minimum sizes are called the UPPER & LOWER deviations. The BASIC DIMENSION represents the theoretical exact size or location of a feature.

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

DEVIATIONS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

BASIC (EXACT) DIMENSIONS Are shown in a rectangle to indicate that the tolerances in the general tolerance note do not apply

Datum
A DATUM is a theoretical exact feature from which dimensions may be taken. A DATUM is generally chosen as an edge or feature which has the greatest influence in a specific measurement.

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

EXAMPLES OF DEVIATION OF FORM WHEN PERFECT FORM AT THE MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION IS REQUIRED

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

EXAMPLES OF DEVIATION OF FORM WHEN PERFECT FORM AT THE MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION IS REQUIRED

Geometric Tolerance
A geometric tolerance is the maximum permissible variation of form, profile, orientation, location, and runout from that indicated or specified on a drawing. Feature control frame for an individual feature is divided into compartments containing, at the least, the geometric tolerance symbol and the geometric tolerance value

Feature control frame (fig.1616)

Geometric characteristic symbol Geometric tolerance Datums (if used) Modifiers as required (*MMC for example)

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

TYPE OF TOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC

FEATURE INDIVIDUAL FEATURES

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT
16-2 16-5

FORM

STRAIGHTNESS

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT 16-4

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT 16-4

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

16-9

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT 16-9 16-11

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

BASIC DIMENSION

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT 16-6

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

DATUM FEATURE

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC TOLERANCE DATUM TARGET

SYMBOL

SEE UNIT 16-11

SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOLS

Form Tolerances
FORM TOLERANCES control the straightness, flatness, circularity and cylindricity Form tolerances apply to individual features and as such do not require locating dimensions. ORIENTATION TOLERANCES control angularity, parallelism, and perpendicularity

More on FORM TOLERANCES

Straightness-a condition in which the element of a surface or a median line is a straight line Flatness of a surface is a condition in which all surface elements are in one plane

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

ATTACHED USING A LEADER

APPLICATION OF FEATURE CONTROL FRAME

MMC, RFS, LMC applies to features subject

to variations in size

MMC (Maximum Material Condition) is when a feature or part is at the limit of size, which results in its containing the maximum amount of material. LMC (Least Material Conditon) refers to the size of a feature that results in the part containing the minimum amount of material. Thus it is the minimum limit of size for an external feature. RFS (Regardless of feature size) indicates that a geometric tolerance applies to any size of a feature that lies within its size tolerance.

Datums and the 3-plane concept (16-5)

Datum is a theoretical point, line, plane, or other geometric surface fromwhich dimensions are measured when so specified or to which geometric tolerances are referenced Datum feature is a feature of a part, such as a surface, that forms the basis for a datum or is used to establish its location

3-plane system
The three planes constitue a datum system from which measurements can be taken. They will appear on the drawing. Datum feature symbol is used on the drawing to identify these surfaces

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

THE DATUM PLANES

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

THE DATUM PLANES

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

THE DATUM PLANES

Orientation tolerancing (16-6)

Angularity, parallelism and perpendicularity are orientation tolerances applicable to related features Angularity is the condition of a surface or axis at a specified angle (other than 90or 0) from a datum plane or axis Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface at 90 to a datum plane or axis. *A perpendicularity tolerance for a flat surface specifies a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis Parallelism is the condition of a surface equidistant at all points from a datum plane. Parallelism for a flat surface specifies a tolerance zone defined by two planes or lines parallel to a datum plane or axis.

Datum Targets (16-11)

Datum target symbols are used to locate specific reference positions to be used on large datum surfaces* the surface of a feature may be so large that a gage designed to make contact with the full surface may be too expensive or cumbersome to use Functional requirements of the part may necessitate the use of only a portion of a surface as a datum feature

CAD APPLICATIONS

TOLERANCE DIALOG BOX

CAD APPLICATIONS

TOLERANCE SYMBOL DIALOG BOX