By Aditya pal E1903-B56

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P i p e l i n e

It is the set of instructions by which we can increase the output giving capability of any computer or any other digital electronic device.
Pipeline increases the execution process. Pipeline refers to the fact that each step is carrying data at once and each step is connected to the next.
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is the simple process we were using in our computers, as we gave instructions to our computers and they were been executed. Now in modern era instruction process is same but the feature is changed by the new keyword PIPELINE.

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the question arises The answer is simple in order to execute out commands fast and easy we had to make our instruction process simpler and faster. To make all the above easy and simple pipelining was introduced and is used now days by users.
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 Pipelining

is a new concept and was very effective to the world of computer The origin of pipelining is thought to be either the ILLIAC II project or the IBM Stretch project. The IBM Stretch Project proposed the terms, "Fetch, Decode, and Execute" that became common usage.

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Instruction fetch Fetch the instruction, retrieve operands from registers Instruction decode and register fetch Decode the fetched instruction and also fetches the registry Execute Execute arithmetic instruction, compute branch target address, compute load/store ,Memory address

Memory access Access memory for load or store, Fetch instruction at target of branch

Register write back Write instruction results to registers

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a programmer (or compiler) writes assembly code, they make the assumption that each instruction is executed before execution of the subsequent instruction is begun. This assumption is invalidated by pipelining. When this causes a program to behave incorrectly, the situation is known as a hazard. Various techniques for resolving hazards such as forwarding and stalling exist.

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cycle time of the processor is reduced, thus increasing instruction issue-rate in most cases. Some combinational circuits such as adders or multipliers can be made faster by adding more circuitry. If pipelining is used instead, it can save circuitry vs. a more complex combinational circuit.
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A non-pipelined processor executes only a single instruction at a time. This prevents branch delays (in effect, every branch is delayed) and problems with serial instructions being executed concurrently. Consequently the design is simpler and cheaper to manufacture. The instruction latency in a non-pipelined processor is slightly lower than in a pipelined equivalent. This is due to the fact that extra flip flops must be added to the data path of a pipelined processor A non-pipelined processor will have a stable instruction bandwidth. The performance of a pipelined processor is much harder to predict and may vary more widely between different programs

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