Chapter 8 - Feedback

Microelectronic Circuits
SJTU Yang Hua

Chapter 8 Feedback
Introduction
8.1 The general feedback structure
8.2 Some properties of negative feedback
8.3 The four basic feedback topologies
8.4 The series-shunt feedback amplifier
8.5 The series-series feedback amplifier
8.6 The shunt-shunt and shunt-series feedback
amplifier
8.10 Stability study using bode plot
8.11 Frequency compensation
SJTU Yang Hua Microelectronic Circuits
Introduction
Its impossible to think of electronic circuits without
some forms of feedback.
Negative feedback
Desensitize the gain
Reduce nonlinear distortion
Reduce the effect of noise
Control the input and output impedance
Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier
The basic idea of negative feedback is to trade off
between gain and other desirable properties.
Positive feedback will cause the amplifier oscillation.
Three Parts:
PartI: The basic concept and some
Properties of negative feedback
PartII: The four basic feedback and analysis
PartIII: The loop gain, stability problem
and frequency compensation
PartI
The basic concept
Judgment and Properties
of feedback
examples
PartI: The basic concept and some
Properties of negative feedback
This is a signal-flow diagram, and the quantities x represent either voltage or
current signals.
In electronic circuits, part of or all output signal is fed back to
input, and affects the input signal value, which is called feedback.
8.1 The General Feedback Structure
The feedback judgment for
amplifier circuits
Negative feedback and positive feedback
According to the effecting of feedback
1) positive feedback increases the signal that appears
at the input of the basic amplifier
2) negative feedback reduces the signal that appears
at the input of the basic amplifier
DC feedback and AC feedback
1) Feedback quantity only contains DC quantityis called DC
feedback
2) Feedback quantity only contains AC quantityis called AC
feedback
Usually AC feedback and DC feedback are concomitant

f s i
x x x =
The feedback judgment

(a) No feedback
(b) Feedback exists
(c) No feedback
Instantaneous polarity method
The judgment of feedback parity
1) Regulate the polarity of input signal relative to
ground at sometime.
2) Decide all points parity step by step, at last get
the parity of output signal.
3) According to the parity of output signal decides the
parity of amount of feedback.
4) If amount of feedback increases the signal that
appears at the input of the basic amplifier, the circuit
inducts the positive feedback. Otherwise, it inducts
the negative feedback.
To integrated operational amplifiersthe input
quantity can be UD or iNiP
To discrete components amplifiersthe input
quantity can be Ube or ib
AC feedbackno DC feedback
DC feedbackno AC feedback
The judgment of DC feedback and AC
feedback
Example feedbackPositive or
negativeDC or AC
AC and DC negative feedback
The General Feedback Equation
o f
i o
x x
Ax x
| =
=
| A
A
x
x
A
s
o
f
+
=
1
Open loop gain A
Feedback factor
Loop gain A
Closed loop gain Af
Amount of feedback (1+ A)
The General Feedback Equation
|
1
~
f
A
s f
s f
x x
x
A
A
x
~
+
=
|
|
1
If A >>1, The gain of the feedback
amplifier is almost entirely determined by the
feedback network.
If A >>1, which implies that the signal Xi
at the input of the basic amplifier is reduced
to almost zero.

8.2 Some Properties of Negative
Feedback
1. Gain desensitivity

A
dA
A A
dA
A
dA
dA
f
f
f
|
|
+
=
+
=
1
1
) 1 (
2
the percentage change in Af (due to variations in
some circuit parameter) is smaller than the
percentage change in A by the amount of feedback.
For this reason the amount of feedback,
1 + A, is also known as the desensitivity factor.
2. Bandwidth extension
Some Properties of Negative
Feedback
Note that the amplifier bandwidth is increased by the same
factor by which its midband gain is decreased, maintaining
the gain-bandwidth product at a constant value.
Feedback
3. Noise reduction

Feedback
4. Reduction in nonlinear distortion

Feedback
4. Reduction in nonlinear distortion

Homework:
May 11th, 2008

8.1; 8.7;
PartII:
The four basic feedback
and analysis
8.3 The Four Basic Feedback
Topologies
Voltage amplifier---series-shunt feedback
voltage mixing and voltage sampling

The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
Current amplifier---shunt-series feedback
Current mixing and current sampling
Example:
Figure 8.5 A transistor amplifier with shunt
series feedback. (Biasing not shown.)
Transconductance amplifier---series-series
feedback
Voltage mixing and current sampling
Example:
Figure 8.6 An example of the seriesseries feedback
topology. (Biasing not shown.)
Transresistance amplifier---shunt-shunt
feedback
Current mixing and voltage sampling
Example:
Figure 8.7 (a) The inverting op-amp configuration redrawn as (b)
an example of shuntshunt feedback.
Homework:
May 11nd, 2008

8.14; 8.15; 8.17; 8.19
8.4 The Series-Shunt Feedback
Amplifier
The ideal situation
The practical situation
Summary
The Ideal Situation
A unilateral open-
loop amplifier (A
circuit).
An ideal voltage
mixing voltage
sampling feedback
network ( circuit).
Assumption that the
source and load
resistance have been
included inside the A
circuit.
The Ideal Situation
Equivalent circuit.
R
if
and R
of
denote the input and output resistance with feedback.
Input and Output Resistance with
Feedback
Input resistance

In this case, the negative feedback increases the input
resistance by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
Output resistance

In this case, the negative feedback reduces the output resistance
by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
) 1 ( | A R R
i if
+ =
| A
R
R
o
of
+
=
1
The Practical Situation
Block diagram of a practical seriesshunt feedback amplifier.
Feedback network is not ideal and load the basic amplifier thus affect
the values of gain, input resistance and output resistance.
The circuit in (a) with the feedback network represented by its h parameters.
Omit the controlled source h21I1
0
2
1
12
1
=
=
I
V
V
h |
The circuit in (b) with h
21
neglected.
The load effect of the feedback network on the basic
amplifier is represented by the components h
11
and
h
22.
The loading effect is found by looking into the
appropriate port of the feedback network while the
port is open-circuit or short-circuit so as to destroy
the feedback.
If the connection is a shunt one, short-circuit the port.
If the connection is a series one, open-circuit the port.
Determine the .
0
2
1
12
1
=
=
I
V
V
h |
Summary
R
i
and R
o
are the input and output resistances,
respectively, of the A circuit.
R
if
and R
of
respectively, of the feedback amplifier, including
R
s
and R
L
.
The actual input and output resistances exclude
R
s
and R
L
.
L out of
s in if
R R R
R R R
// =
+ =
Example of Series-Shunt Feedback
Amplifier
Amplifier
Op amplifier connected in noninverting
configuration with the open-loop gain , R
id
and
r
o

Find expression for A, , the closed-loop gain
V
o
/V
i
, the input resistance R
in
and the output
resistance R
out
Find numerical values
Amplifier
Amplifier
2 1
1
R R
R
V
V
s
f
+
= |
8.5 The Series-Series Feedback
Amplifier
The ideal situation
The practical situation
Summary
The Ideal Situation
Transconductance gain
i
o
V
I
A
The Ideal Situation
o
f
I
V
|
Tranresistance feedback factor
Input and Output Resistance with
Feedback
Input resistance

In this case, the negative feedback increases the input resistance by
a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
Output resistance

In this case, the negative feedback increases the output resistance
by a factor equal to the amount of feedback.
) 1 ( | A R R
i if
+ =
) 1 ( | A R R
o of
+ =
Block diagram of a practical seriesseries feedback amplifier.
Feedback network is not ideal and load the basic amplifier thus affect
the values of gain, input resistance and output resistance.
The circuit of (a) with the feedback network represented by its z
parameters.
A redrawing of the circuit in (b) with z
21
neglected.
The load effect of the feedback network on the
basic amplifier is represented by the components
Z
11
and Z
22.
Z
11
is the impedance looking into port 1 of the
feedback network with port 2 open-circuited.
Z
22
is the impedance looking into port 2 of the
feedback network with port 1 open-circuited.
Determine the .
0
2
1
12
1
=
=
I
I
V
z |
Summary
R
i
and R
o
respectively, of the A circuit.
R
if
and R
of
respectively, of the feedback amplifier, including
R
s
and R
L
.
The actual input and output resistances exclude
R
s
and R
L
.
L out of
s in if
R R R
R R R
+ =
+ =
'
Example of Series-Series Feedback
Amplifier
Amplifier
Amplifier
1
1 2
2
E
E F E
E
o
f
R
R R R
R
I
V
+ +
= |
Amplifier
| |
3 3
2
3 1 2
// )( 1 (
) 1 (
1
) //(
t
|
r R r g r R
A R R
h
R
r R R R R
of o m o out
o of
fe
C
e E F E o
+ + =
+ =
+
+ + + =
8.6 The Shunt-Shunt and Shunt-Series
Feedback Amplifiers
Fig8.19. Ideal structure for the shunt-shunt feedback amplifier.
|
|
|
A
R
R
A
R
R
A
A
I
V
A
o
of
i
if
S
o
f
+
=
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
The practical Shunt-Shunt feedback
amplifier
Example 8.3
The shunt-series configuration
Fig 8.22 Ideal structure for the shuntseries feedback amplifier.
( ) |
|
|
A R R
A
R
R
A
A
I
I
A
o of
i
if
S
o
f
+ =
+
=
+
= =
1
1
1
A practical shunt-series feedback
amplifier
Example 8.4
summary
The method of finding A circuit
h,z,r,g parameter method for two-port feedback
network.
Equivalent circuit method:
Find the feedback network;
Find the feedback network equivalent load Resistance to
amplifier input, for output voltage sampling feedback,
output short-circuit (Vo=0); for current sampling feedback,
output Io open-circuit (Io=0).
Find the feedback network equivalent load Resistance to
amplifier output, for input voltage mixing feedback, it
should be disconnected from input to feedback network
(Ii=0); for input current mixing feedback, let input connect
to ground to disconnect from input signal to feedback
network.


(shunt-shunt)

(series-series)
Example:
1

2

3

series-shunt () 8103946
shunt-series()7102946
shunt-shunt()2981056
Homework:
May 13th, 2008

8.20; 8.25; 8.30; D8.37

The Stability Problem
f s i
f s i
X X X
when
X X X
when
+ =
+ =
=
=
t
t
1) 2n (
2n
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) e
e | e e | e e
e | e
e
|
e j j A j j A j L
j j A
j A
s s A
s A
s A
f
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
= =
+
=
+
=
|| | | |
o i f o
X X X X
The Stability Problem
The condition for negative feedback to oscillate

Any right-half-plane poles results in instability.
Amplifier with a single-pole is unconditionally stable.
Amplifier with two-pole is also unconditionally stable.
Amplifier with more than two poles has the possibility
to be unstable.
Stability study using bode plot
1 ) ( ) ( ) ( = = e | e e j j A j L
Balance condition:
Magnitude condition:
Phase Condition:
1 | | = | A
( )t
|
1 2 + = + n
A
1 | | > | A
Start up oscillation condition:
Judgment method of amplifier stability:
1) If 180 is not exist, then the Amplifier is stable;
2) If 180 is exist and 180< 1, then the amplifier is not stable;
3) If 180 is exist and 180> 1, then the amplifier is stable;
The Definitions of the Gain and
Phase margins
180
lg 20
e e
|
=
= A G
m
Gain margin represents
the amount by which the
loop gain can be
increased while stability
is maintained.
Unstable and
oscillatory
Stable and non-
oscillatory
Only when the phase
margin exceed 45 or
gain margin exceed 6dB,
can the amplifier be
stable.
1
180
e e
|

=
+ =
A m

Example:

Effect of phase margin on closed-
loop response
To see the relationship between phase margin and
Close-Loop gain, consider a feedback amplifier with
a large low-frequency loop gain.

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

45 ,
1
3 . 1
1
/ 1
1
180 , 1
1
, 1
1
1
1
1

1
= =
+
=
+
=
= =
~ >>
m f
j
j
f
m
j
f o
j A
e
e
j A
j A
j A
e j A
A A
|
e
|
| e
e
e
u | e
|
|
u
u
u
Stability analysis using
Bode plot of |A|.
( )
|
e |
1
log 20 log 20 log 20 = j A A
Hz
6
10 2 . 3 =
Hz
5
10 6 . 5 =
Stability Analysis Using Bode Plot of |A|
Gain margin and phase margin
The horizontal line of inverse of feedback factor in dB.
A rule of thumb:
The closed-loop amplifier will be stable if the
20log(1/) line intersects the 20log|A| curve at a
point on the 20dB/decade segment.
The general rule states:
At the intersection of 20log[1/ | (j)| ] and 20log
|A(j)| the difference of slopes should not
exceed 20dB/decade.
Frequency Compensation
The purpose is to modifying the open-loop transfer
function of an amplifier having three or more poles
so that the closed-loop amplifier is stable for any
desired value of closed-loop gain.
Theory of frequency compensation is the enlarge the
20dB/decade line.
Implementation
Capacitance C
c
added
Miller compensation and pole splitting
Frequency Compensation
x c x
H
x x
H
R C C
f
R C
f
) ( 2
1
2
1
' 1
1
+
=
=
t
t
45 ,
0 log 20 ,
1
2
~ =
= =
m
H
f f that shows that
A f f when
|
Frequency Compensation-Miller
compensation
A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a
compensating capacitor connected in the feedback path
An equivalent circuit.
Miller compensation can reduce the value of C
Homework:
May 20
th
, 2008

8.51; 8.54; 8.63; 8.66

Chapter 8 - Feedback

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Chapter 8 - Feedback

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Microelectronic Circuits

SJTU Yang Hua

SJTU Yang Hua Microelectronic Circuits

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