Course Objectives

After completing this course, you will know : * An extensive knowledge about Embedded System and it's characteristics * The difference between C & Embedded C * Timers & Interrupt Handling using Embedded C * Embedded Software Cycle * Fundamentals of Real Time operating Systems. * Basics of Embedded Linu

Course Outline
Intro to Embedded Systems l C Vs. Embedded C l Timers l Interrupt handling l Software Engineering l Real Time Operating Systems Concept Embedded Linux Concept l

Job Requirements

Job Requirements

Job Requirements(1)

Job Requirements(2)

Introduction to Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems
All systems that contain one or more processor to do specific functionalities and give responses upon receiving inputs.
This processor is not for general purposes like general purpose Processor in PCs and notebooks.

Embedded Systems
computing systems with tightly coupled hardware and software integration, that are designed to perform a dedicated function.

Embedded Systems
The word embedded reflects the fact that these systems are usually an integral part of a larger system, known as the embedding system. Multiple embedded systems can coexist in an embedding system.

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

Embedded Systems Applications

General Purpose Processors

32 or 64-bit data path. Central processing engine of a mainframe, workstation, PC, PDA, RISC and CISC engines .

X86, PowerPC, SPARC, Pentium .

Complex in design because these processors provide a full scale of features and a wide spectrum of functionalities .

General Purpose Processors

Have advanced cache logic. Built-in math co-processor capable of performing fast floating-point operations.

These processors result in large power consumption, heat production, and size.

Embedded general purpose Processors

Designed for a wide range of application (consumer and communication). 16/32-bit data path.

Limited functionality depends on the application.

Usually integrated into larger dedicated systems in a SoC

(System on Chip), also called core-based ASIC.

Embedded general purpose Processors

Examples: ARM, PowerPC, MIPS, 68K, x86. ARM has seized the lions share of the market.

Advanced Embedded System

Multi-core system on chip Like mobile handset which has one chip contains:

DSP processor. Embedded processors like ARM. Custom hardware for GSM. Custom peripherals for board interface (keyboard, touch

screen, memory card interface).

System on board
Board CPU Shared memory

A/D Custom hardware

Sensors
actuators

System on chip
Keyboard controller

USB interface

LCD controller

CPU

Memories

Customized hardware

ASIC Chip

Microcontrollers
The workhorse of industrial electronics. Designed for standalone operation. Include processing unit 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit. Included memories (RAM, ROM), IO, buses and peripherals depending on the application.,

designed for (LIN , CAN , Ethernet , I2C , SPI and

..).

Microcontroller Selection
Number of I/O pins required. Interfaces/peripherals required. Memory requirements. Number of interrupts required.

Real-Time considerations.

Microcontroller Selection
Development environment. Processing speed required. ROM ability. Memory architecture.

Power requirements.

Microcontroller
A microcontroller has eight main components: Central processing unit (CPU) ROM, RAM

Input and Output (GPIO or DIO)

Timer Interrupt circuitry Buses Watchdog

Microcontroller CPU architectures

Von Neumann Harvard

CPU main registers

Stack pointer

Contains the address of the next location on the stack

Decremented when data is pushed on the stack and incremented when data is popped from the stack Index register Used to specify an address when certain addressing

modes are used

Known as pointer register

CPU main registers

Program counter: Most important CPU register Holds the address of the next instruction in program

memory space
Each instruction is fetched and processed by ALU, the CPU increments the PC Accumulator: Hold operands or results of operations as necessary

RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) . Also called Read/Write Memory, The term random access refers to the ability to access any memory cell directly. RAM is much faster than ROM. Volatile memory, requires external power to maintain memory content. Used to store data as long as Microcontroller is powered and the program is running. Addressable in instruction sets through different addressing Mode .

RAM contents
Divided virtually to: General purpose registers for CPU acts as accumulators Peripherals control special registers

Data RAM: all static variables in the program i.e. each

variable has a static address and its last value lasts until microcontroller power off. Stack

ROM
Permanent memory Written upon programming the microcontroller Cant be written/modified at run time

ROM contents
Program code Constant data Handled through const keyword in C Data used as a constant configuration from prospective system design and versions configurations

Software characteristics
Highly configurable. Shorter development cycle. Easier in versions updates. Cheaper. Constrained with processor speed which may satisfy real time application and may not.

System constrains
Systems constraints are the output of Interfaces specification Analysis and system functionality breakdown Constraints could be after that classified as following : I/O constraints Communication constraints Operating Constraints Memory Consumption Microcontroller resources

Q&A