GENETic of BAcTERIa

Structure and Function of Genetic Material

DNA & RNA DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid RNA=ribonucleic acid Basic building blocks: Nucleotides Phosphate group Pentose sugar Nitrogenous base 2 purin, 2 pirimidin

Structure of DNA
Double stranded (double helix) Chains of nucleotides 5 to 3 (strands are anti-parallel) Complimentary base pairing A-T G-C GENE : a DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (RNA or protein) size number of base pairs

DNA Structure
Phosphate-P Sugar-blue Bases-ATGC

DNA Replication
Bacteria have closed, circular DNA Genome: genetic material in an organism Semi conservation E. coli
4 million base pairs 1 mm long (over 1000 times larger that actual bacterial cell) DNA takes up around 10% of cell volume

DNA Replication-occurs at the replication fork

5 to 3 DNA helicase-unzips + parental DNA strand that is used as a template
Leading stand (5 to 3-continuous) * DNA gyrase open DNA strand * DNA polymerase-joins growing DNA strand after nucleotides are aligned (complimentary) Lagging strand (5 to 3-not continuous)
* RNA polymerase (makes short RNA primer) * DNA polymerase (extends RNA primer then digests RNA primer and replaces it with DNA) * DNA ligase (seals Okazaki fragments-the newly formed DNA fragments)

Replication

Replication Fork

Protein Synthesis
DNA------- mRNA------ protein
transcription translation Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics

From DNA to Protein

Transcription
One strand of DNA used as a template to make a complimentary strand of mRNA Promoter/RNA polymerase/termination site/5 to 3 Ways in which RNA & DNA differ:
RNA is ss RNA sugar is ribose Base pairing-A-U

Transcription

Types of RNA
Three types:
mRNA: messenger RNA
Contains 3 bases ( codon)

rRNA: ribosomal RNA

Comprises the 70 S ribosome

tRNA: transfer RNA

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis Contains the anticodon (3 base sequence that is complimentary to codon on mRNA)

Genetic Code
DNA: triplet code mRNA: codon (complimentary to triplet code of DNA) tRNA: anticodon (complimentary to codon)

Genetic Code
Codons: code for the production of a specific amino acid 20 amino acids 3 base code Degenerative: more than 1 codon codes for an amino acid Universal: in all living organisms

Genetic Code

Translation
Three parts:
Initiation-start codon (AUG) Elongation-ribosome moves along mRNA Termination: stop codon reached/polypeptide released and new protein forms

rRNA=subunits that form the 70 S ribosomes (protein synthesis occurs here) tRNA=transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis)

Gene Exchange & genetic diversity

3 basic mechanism: Mutation: A change in the original nukleotida sequence of a gene or genes within an organisms genome change the organisms genotype Recombination combination of gene within chromosome Some segment of DNA that originated from one bacterial cell enters a second bacterial cell and it exchanged with a DNA segment of the recipients genome

 gene exchange with or without recombination

Mutation
1. Spontaneously an eror made during DNA replication 2. Caused by MUTAGENS

Mutagens:
- Chemical , physical or biologic factors - e.g. uv, sinar x, acridine orange, nitosoguanidine, 5-bromouracil, etc

Gene Exchange
Changed genetic material 3 mechanism:
1. Transformation 2. Transduction 3. Conjugation

Transfection: transformation with DNA donor

origin from bacteriophage

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Transformasi
Syarat sel bakteri dapat mengalami transformasi bersifat kompeten Contoh bakteri yang dapat mengalami transformasi:
S. pneumoniae H. influenzae Beberapa spesies Bacillus

Transformasi

Transduksi
Transfer gen dengan perantaraan Bakteriofaga sbg pembawa DNA donor Bakteriofaga Transducing phage

Umum terjadi pada:

Staphylococcus Salmonella

Transduksi

Konjugasi
Transfer gen antar bakteri memerlukan kontak langsung Pili sex berperan bakteri mempunyai plasmid F (bakteri F+)

Materi yang di transfer:

Plasmid Bagian dari gen DNA sel donor

Konjugasi

Animasi konjugasi

Here is a real picture of congugation

Materi Genetik Ekstra-kromosom

Plasmid:
DNA rantai ganda, umumnya berbentuk lingkaran Replikasi independen Sebagai pembawa sifat, e.g. resistensi terhadap antibiotik, produksi toksin

Transposon:
Rantai DNA pendek dp menyisipkan diri pada kromosom mutasi Tdk mampu bereplikasi

Plasmid

Macam-macam Plasmid
Plasmid konjugatif Ditransfer dengan cara konjugasi F plasmid Plasmid non-konjugatif Ditransfer dengan cara transduksi atau transformasi R plasmid Pembawa sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik Ent-plasmidEnt plasmids of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that encode heat-stable enterotoxin Vir-plasmid virulence plasmid Bacteriocinogenic Plasmid A bacterial plasmid that controls the synthesis of bacteriocin.

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