Chapter 7

ENERGY METABOLISM & BODY TEMPERATURE

1. Energy metabolism Introduction & definition

Substantial metabolism
Assimilation metabolism Dissimilation metabolism (catabolism)

Energy metabolism

 Energy sources & utilization * Energy sources of living organisms

Direct donator of energy: ATP

Reserve form of energy: CP Energy sources: food Glucose (1 mol): aerobic glycolysis yields 38 mol ATP; anaerobic glycolysis yields 2 mol ATP

Fat: 1 mol 6C fatty acid yield 44 mol ATP

Protein: rarely used as energy donator

* Energy transfer & utilization More than 50% transfer to heat,

Less than 50% store in the ATP & CP

Utilization: synthesis & growth never conduction muscular contraction glandular secretion

active absorption
etc.

Energy source, reserve, transfer & utilization

 Measuring the metabolic rate * Direct calorimetry * Indirect calorimetry Principle: The law of constant proportions Several related concepts Thermal equivalent of food Thermal equivalent of oxygen Respiratory quotient (RQ) Classical & simple measurement O2 consumption & CO2 production measuring Closed & opened measurement

Thermal equivalent, Thermal equivalent of oxygen & Respiratory quotient (RQ) of 3 main nutritional substances TE Glucose Protein 16.7 16.7 TEO 21.0 18.8 RQ 1.00 0.80

Fat

37.7

19.7

0.71

Direct calorimetry

Indirect calorimetry

 Factors affecting energy metabolism Exercises

Concept of oxygen debt

Nervous Thinking peacefully & anxious Food specific dynamic effect Environmental temperature

Others: age, sex, circadian rhythm,

hormones, diseases, etc.

 Basal metabolism & Basal metabolic Rate (BMR)

* Definition & Law of body surface area * Under what condition BMR can be measured?

In the Early morning

Arousal condition Lie down peacefully with no exercises No nervous Have a good sleep last night Fasting for over 12 h Room temperature at 20~25

* Measurement
NPRQ=0.82; NPTEO=20.18 kJ/L; BMR=20.18 kJ/LVo2/(m2h) or
MV SV BMR 100% SV MV: measuring volume; SV: standard volume

* Physiological variation & clinical significances Physiological variation: age, sex, metabolic level Clinical significances: assistant to diagnosis of some diseases, especially for thyroid dysfunction

Clinical significance of BMR

 2. Body temperature & its regulation Normal temperature (about 37) * Core & shell temperature

* Definition of body temperature in physiology

* Measurement: oral cavity, rectum, axilla, etc. Physiological variation of the body temperature Circadian rhythm (biorhythm & biological clock), Sex, Age, Emotion & Exercises,

Influences of season & district

Skin temperature & mean skin temperature

Distribution of human body temperature in different environment temperature

 Thermogenesis & thermolysis * Thermogenesis & its regulation Basal metabolism, Food specific dynamic effect, Muscular motility, Shivering & non-shivering thermogenesis Regulation: Thyroid & other hormones Sympathetic nerve, NA & A * Thermolyesis & its regulation Radiation, Conduction & Convection Insensible perspiration & Sweating Regulation: Secretion of sweat Skin circulation

 Regulation of body temperature

* Thermoceptor Periphery: Cold & warm receptor

Distribute in the skin, mucosa & viscus

Center: Cold- & warm-sensitive neurons Distribute in the spinal cord, reticular formation of brain stem, hypothalamus, etc., especially in the PO/AH * Regulatory center: PO/AH * Theory of set point

Autonomic control in body temperature regulation

Discharge frequency of hermal sensitive neuronstemperature in local barin curve