Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Globalization
Process Whereby World Is Made into Single Place with Systemic Differences Elements: Transborder Capital, Labor, News, Images, Information Flows
Knowledge Gap
India
Japan
South
Soth
New International Information and Communication Order UNESCO Conference, Belgrade, 1980
Elimination of Present Inbalances and Inequalities Elimination of Negative Effects of Certain Monopolies & Exessive Concentrations Removal of Obstacles to Balanced Dissemination of Information
NWICO
In the past, much of the IC debate focuse on the NWICO, which respresents:
1) An evolutionary process seeking a more just and equitable balance in the flow and content of information 2) A right to national sefl-determination of domestic communication policies
NWICO
3) At the international level, a two-way information flow reflecting more accurately the aspirations and activities of less developed countries (LDCs)
NWICO
Ultimate goal: restructured system of media and telecommunications priorities in order for LDCs to obtain greater influence over their media, information, economic, cultural, and political systems
NWICO
Not merely a theoretical issue
Used to legitimize a governmental role in disseminating information in several states, notably in Africa (in Liberia journalists need permits to cover information, no permit ever given to use the Internet)
The average mass circulation newspaper in the West carries less international news than ten years ago (with the exception of time around 9/11)
American Media
Background Deregulation Unprecedented Corporate Growth -Mergers -Concentration -Conglomeration -Monopoly
Media Research
Most research looks at micro issues such as:
agenda-setting Violence Ownership Or a specific medium such as: Print Television
Christianity Colonialism (1,000-1,600) Militant Christianity of the Crusades that sought to control territory from Europe to Middle East. Beginning 1095, 200 years of crusades led to the establishment of new European colonies in the ME. The territories were seized from Muslims as Western civilization became the dominant international force
Mercantile Colonialism (1,600-1,950) Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas became objects of conquest by European powers that sought markets, raw materials, and other goods unavailable at home in return sending colonial administrators, immigrants, a language, educational system, religion, philosophy, high culture, and a lifestyle that frequently were inappropriate for the invaded country. International status was a function of the number and location of ones foreign colonies
In 1950s and 1960s rise of nationalism in developing countries and a shift to a service-based, information economy in the West set the stage for the fourth and current era of empire expansion
Electronic Colonialism
Represents the dependent relationship of LDCs on the West established by the importation of communication hardware and foreign-produced software, along with engineers, technicians, and related information protocols, that establish a set of foreign norms, values, habits, values, and expectations that, to varying degrees, alter domestic cultures, habits, values, and the socialization process.
World-System Theory
Provides the concepts, ideas, and language for structuring international communication. WST was proposed and developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. WST proposes that global economic expansion takes place from a relatively small group of core zone nation-states out to two other zones of nations-states, these being in the semiperipheral and peripheral zones
World-System Theory
It is assumed that the zones exhibit unequal and uneven economic relations, with the core nations being the dominant and controlling economic entity. Core nations
exert control and define the nature and extent of interactions with the other two zones provide technology, software, capital, knowledge, finished goods, and services to the other zones which function as consumers and markets
World-System Theory
Core
Capital-intensive, high-wage,high-technology production involving low labor exploitation and coercion
Periphery
Labor-intensive, low-wage, low-technology production involving high labor exploitation and coercion
Semi-periphery
Core-like actiivties, periphery-like activities
World-System Theory
Core Nations (30+) Semi-Peripheral Nations (20+) Peripheral Nations (100+)
Modernization Theory
Complimentary to the doctrine of free flow in the post-war years was the view that international communication was the key to the process to the modernization and development of the so-called Third World. Daniel Lerner, MIT, The Passing of Traditional Society (1958)- early 1950s research into audience exposure to radio in Turkey, Lebanon, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iran. Hypothesis: exposure to the media made traditional societies less bound by tradition and made them aspire to a new and modern way of life.