APA STYLE

APA STYLE

rules or guidelines observed to ensure clear, consistent presentation of the printed word concerns uniform use of punctuations and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings and citation of references and

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

Paper 8 X 11, heavy white bond paper 2. Typeface 12-pt Times New Roman 12-pt Courier New 12-pt Sans Serif
1.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

3.

Spacing

double space; single space for table titles and headings, figure captions, references, footnotes and long quotations. Triple- or quadruplespacing after chapter titles, before major subheadings, before footnotes, and before and after tables in the

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

4. Margins

1 left margin, 1 top, bottom, and right margins number all pages, except the artwork for figure and major chapters preliminary pages usually carry lowercase roman numerals Introduction (Chapter I) Arabic numerals page numbers continue throughout the appendix

5. Pagination

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

6. Figures,

Tables, and Footnotes short tables may appear on a page with some text long tables and each figure are placed on a separate page immediately after the page on which the table or figure is first mentioned

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

Figures and figure captions

Figure number is italics; text of the caption is not italicized; capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns; figure captions are typed below; Minimum size 8 pt, maximum size 14 pt First line of every paragraph and the first line of every footnote Bibliography has a hanging indent format (first line is set flush left and the subsequent lines are

Paragraphs and Indentations

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS IN MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

7. 8.

Uppercase and Lowercase letters Headings CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading Indented, italicized, uppercase only the first word and proper noun, paragraph

1)

Period

EDITING STYLE

used in initials of names (R. A. Santos); abbreviation for United States when used as an adjective (U.S. Navy); latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.), and reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., p. 10) No periods for abbreviations of state names (NY, NH, NC), acronyms (APA, WB, IQ), and metric and nonmetric

EDITING STYLE
2)

Comma used between elements in a series of three or more items; before and and or Ex: Imus, Bacoor, or Indang In a study conducted by Sandoval, Campos, and Reyes (2005) . . .

to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive clause, that is, if removed would leave the grammatical structure and meaning of the sentence intact. Ex. Ex-President Estrada, the 13th President of the Philippines, was accused of plunder.

EDITING STYLE

Do not use comma

before an essential or restrictive clause Ex. These were the infrastructures that were especially built in tourism.

between the two parts of a compound predicate Ex. The results contradicted Valerios findings and indicated that the effect was not significant.

to separate parts of a measurement

EDITING STYLE
3) Semicolon to separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction Ex. The freshmen students incurred higher expenditures; the sophomore incurred lower expenditures to separate elements in a series that already contain commas Ex. The order of pilot testing was Silang, Imus, Bacoor; or

EDITING STYLE
4) Colon used between a grammatically complete introductory clause (one that could stand as a sentence) and a final phrase or clause that illustrates, extends, or amplifies the preceding thought. Ex. There are two sources of pollution: the point sources

EDITING STYLE
If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, it begins with a capital letter. Ex. The result was worth noting: The Philippines is the leading exporter of banana in the world. Do not use a colon after an introduction that is not a complete sentence. Ex. The formula is Y = a + bX

EDITING STYLE

5) Dash

to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence. Ex. The respondents50 members, 40 nonmemberswere considered separately.

EDITING STYLE
6)

em dash (two hyphens)

to set off an element added to amplify from the main clause; no space before and after

Ex. Students--undergraduate and graduate- -are exempted.

EDITING STYLE
7)

Quotation Marks

to introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression (no quotation marks after the initial usage) Ex. Ex-President Estrada was accused as the biggest jueteng lord in the country.
to

enclose quotations in text

Ex. Dizon (2003) found that the ill-gotten wealth of ExPresident Marcos amounted to US$50

EDITING STYLE
8)

Parenthesis

to set off reference citations and page number in text Ex. Reyes (2001) and Santos (2002) reported that. ... (p. 245). to introduce an abbreviation, Ex. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to enclose statistical values, Ex. (p < .05) Do not use parenthesis to enclose material within other parenthesis

EDITING STYLE
9) Slash

to separate numerator from the denominator ( e.g. X/Y) to cite a republished work in text . Ex. Reyes (1996/2000)

EDITING STYLE
10) Brackets

used to enclose material inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original author. Ex. Boserup (1999) stressed that mans influence on the quality of the environment depends on the damage he does [alteration in a cultural system] and the effort devoted to undoing that damage.

EDITING STYLE

If a complete sentence ends with a parenthesis, the period follows the closing parenthesis.

Ex. The Philippine agriculture is characterized by a people).

relative scarcity of land (in relation to

If a complete sentence is enclosed in a parenthesis, the period is placed inside the closing parenthesis.

Ex. (The Philippine agriculture is characterized

EDITING STYLE
11)

Seriation To show seriation within a paragraph or sentence use lowercase letters in parentheses.

Ex. The three principal thrusts are (a) institute a new program, (b) strengthen support services, and (c) Increase saving rates.

EDITING STYLE

To indicate seriation of separate paragraphs (e.g., itemized recommendations or procedures) number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by a period.

Ex. The following immediate recommendations are: 1. Launch a massive rural infrastructure programs in the poorest regions. 2. Immediate land reform program in poorest areas.

EDITING STYLE CONT.

12. Quotations
Short

quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks.

Ex. Propst (1996), professional or registered nurses (RNs) nowadays lack in effective communication practices that could affect the recovery and well-being of the patients.

 Long

quotations (40 or more words) no quotation marks to enclose block quotations

 Ex.

Cruz (2003) found the following: Many developing countries have depended on export promotion as a road to economic development for many reasons . . .

13. Ellipsis points

used

to indicate omitted material Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission within a sentence. Type four periods to indicate an omission

Ex. The core of Nursing is the nurse-client relationship wherein the nurse establishes and maintains the key to this relationship by using his/her knowledge and skills contributes to the clients health and well being.

14) Spelling

Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary standard spelling reference for APA Ex. aging, canceled, appendix- appendixes, matrix-matrices

15. Hyphenation
Compound

words may take forms as (a) two separate words, (b) a hyphenated word, or (c) one unbroken, solid word Ex. follow up, follow-up,

 Permanent

compound

compound words found in the dictionary

Do not hyphenate

a compound including an adverb ending in ly (e.g. widely used, randomly assigned) a compound including a comparative or superlative adjective

foreign phrases used as adjectives or adverbs

Ex. a priori, ad hoc, fed ad lib but ad-lib feeding

common fractions used as nouns

Ex. one third of the participants

 Prefixes

that do not require hyphens

after, anti, bi, co, counter, equi, extra, infra, inter, intra, macro, mid, mini, multi, non, over, post, pre, pro, re, semi, socio, sub, un,

Prefixed words that require hyphens

an abbreviation (e.g. preWW II), a number (e.g. post-1960), capitalized (e.g. pro-Arroyo) all self- compounds, whether adjectives or nouns

words
Ex.

that could be misunderstood

re-pair (pair again), re-form (form again), un-ionized
words

in which the prefix ends and the base word begins with the same vowel.
Ex.

co-occur, pre-existing,

 when

two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained.

 Other

cases:

student-centered approach but The approach was student centered t-test results but results from t tests

16. Capitalization
In

titles and headings, capitalize:

major

words within the body of the paper (excluding conjunctions, articles and short prepositions); however,

 Ex In

her study, Factors Affecting the Use of Therapeutic Communication

Do not capitalize

names of laws, theories, models, or hypotheses

Ex. law of supply and demand, Maslows hierarchy of needs, life cycle hypothesis

nouns that precede a variable (e.g. item y, experiment b)

17) Italicizing Words

Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publications

Ex. In the book , Introduction to Macroeconomics

genera, species, and varieties introduction of a new,

words that could be misread (e.g. the small and big groups designations not group size) letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables periodical volume numbers in reference lists anchors of a scale

Do not use italics for

foreign phrases and abbreviations common in English chemical terms trigonometric terms

18. Abbreviations

A term to be abbreviated, on its first appearance, must be spelled out and followed immediately by its abbreviation in parentheses. APA permits the use of the following abbreviations that do not need explanation in

Latin Abbreviations used only in parenthetical material; otherwise, use the English translation
compare i.e., - that is viz., vs.

cf.

e.g., - for example namely etc. -, and so forth

Scientific Abbreviations

Use abbreviations and symbols for metric and nonmetric units of measurement that are accompanied by numeric values but not for the units of time

 Plurals

of Abbreviations
add s alone, but not italicized, without an apostrophe

19. Statistical and Mathematical Copy Ex., F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_ p_<_.01;

2(4,_n=100)_=_12.60,_p_<_ .05

20. NUMBERS EXPRESSED IN FIGURES

Use

figures to express

all numbers 10 and above all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement

numbers that represent time; dates; ages; sample, subsample, or population size; scores and points on a scale; exact sums of money numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a

21. NUMBERS EXPRESSED IN WORDS

numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and that are grouped for comparison with numbers below 10 any number that begins a sentence

22. Combining Figures and Words to Express Numbers

rounded large numbers back to back modifiers

23. Decimal Fractions

Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1 Do not use zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannot be greater than 1

24) Commas in Numbers

Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more (except serial numbers, degrees of temperature, page numbers)

EDITING STYLE
25. Plurals of Numbers
Add

-s or -es alone to form the plurals of numbers whether expressed as figures or as words

EDITING STYLE
26. Style for Metric Units

Use the metric symbol to express a metric unit when it appears with a numeric value (e.g 2 m), otherwise, spell out the unit in text use the metric symbol in column and sub headings of tables use lowercase letters when writing out full names of units, unless used at the beginning of the (e.g. meters, kilograms, giga, mega,

EDITING STYLE
27) Reference List References cited in text must appear in the reference list; each entry in the reference list must be cited in text The text citation and reference list entry are

EDITING STYLE

Entry contains the following: author, year of publication, title, volume numbers (if journals or periodicals), page numbers and publishing data Acceptable Abbreviations
No. - Number Ed. (Eds.) - Editor (Editors) Pt. - Part Trans. Translators Tech. Rep. - Technical Report n. d. - no date Suppl. - Supplement

chap. Chapter p. (pp.) - page (pages) ed. Edition Vol. - Volume (Vol. 3) Rev. ed. - revised edition vols. - Volumes 4 vols.) 2nd ed. - second edition

EDITING STYLE
28) Reference Citation in Text

One Work by One Author author-date method of citation (do not include Jr.) Ex. a) As Tan (2000) points out . . . . and b) Both tenants and landless workers in nonrice corn lands number about . . . (Ledesma,

2001).

c) In 2001, Ledesma found that . . . . d) In a study on . . ., Ledesma (2001) emphasized that . . . Ledesma also found . . . .

EDITING STYLE

One Work by Multiple Authors

Two Authors always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text

EDITING STYLE

Three, four or five authors cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph Ex.
Use as first citation in text Sy, Tan, Co, and Dy (2001) found that . . . . Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter Sy et al. (2001) found. . . . . Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph

EDITING STYLE
If two references with the same year shorten to the same form (e.g. Sy, Tan, and Co, 2003, and Sy, Co, Tan, and Dy, 2003, shorten to Sy et al., 2003) cite the surnames of the first authors to distinguish the two references as: Sy, Tan, and Co (2003) and Sy, Co et al. (2003)

EDITING STYLE

Six or more authors cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

EDITING STYLE
If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, Ex. Sy, Tan, Co, Dy, Lee, and Ong (2005) Sy, Tan, Lim, Ong, Chan, and Cruz (2005) In text, cite them, respectively as: Sy, Tan, Co, et al. (2005) and Sy, Tan, Lim, et al. (2005)

EDITING STYLE
In parenthetical material, tables and captions, and reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&) Ex. Cruz and Chavez (2002) pointed that . . . . . . . as has been shown

EDITING STYLE

Groups as Authors

The names of groups (e.g., corporations, associations, study groups, etc.) are spelled out each time they appear in a text citation; the names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter especially if the name is long and familiar or readily understandable. Ex. (Bureau of Forest Development [BFD], BFD), PAGASA

EDITING STYLE

Works with No Author or Anonymous Author

cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year; use around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report
Ex. . . . as stressed in the Agribusiness Bulletin (1999)

. . . profitable for private traders (The

EDITING STYLE

Legal materials - cite materials such as court cases and legislation by the first few words of the reference and the year.

For cases: Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date) Onuh v. Usigan, 234 F. Supp. 345 (March 16, 1995)

Anonymous - e.g., (Anonymous, 2003)

EDITING STYLE

Authors With the Same Surname

include the first authors initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs.

Ex. A. T. Valerio (2004) and T. A. Valerio (2005) also found. . . A. C. Cruz and Ilagan

EDITING STYLE

Two or More Works Within the Same Parentheses

arrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication.; give the authors surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date.

Ex. (Cruz & Santos, 1995, 1998)

EDITING STYLE

Specific Parts of a Source

indicate the page, chapter, figure, or table at the appropriate point in text.

Ex. (Boserup & Kim, 2000, p.205); (Nakamura, 1995, chap. 2) (Kim, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2)

EDITING STYLE

Personal Communications

may be letters, memos, email, personal interviews,, and the like; cited in text only and not included in the reference list

Ex. T. J. Santos (personal communication, April 3,1995) ( F. C. Ilagan, personal

EDITING STYLE
29) Order of References in the Reference List

Alphabetize names One-author entries are arranged by year of publication Ex. Valerio, A. T. (1998) Valerio, A. T. (2000)

EDITING STYLE

One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname Ex. Valerio, A. T. (2000) (2001) Valerio, A. T., & Ilagan, F. C.

EDITING STYLE
30) General Forms (Reference Style)

Book Marcos, F. E., & Arroyo, G. M., (2000) Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects (3rd ed.). Washington DC: John Wiley and Sons.

EDITING STYLE

Group author (government agency) as publisher National Statistics Office. (2002). Census of population and housing, Sta. Mesa, Manila

Daily newspaper Samson, L. A. (2003, April 20). How to fight obesity. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. C20.

EDITING STYLE

Journal article, more than six authors Chong, S. F., Sy, A. C., Lim, J. G., Tan, L. C., See, K. N., Dy, J. L., et al., (2000). Population pressure, migration and markets: Implications for upland development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 55, 10401049

EDITING STYLE

Magazine article Falcon, W. P. & Capule, A. G. (1995, June 10). Scenarios for the year 2005. Science, 290, 1216.

Periodical published annually Romero, G. M. (2001). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155 - 195

EDITING STYLE

Edited book Gonzales, L. A. & Alviar N. A. (Eds.). (1999), Natural resource economics: Issues, analysis, and policy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

EDITING STYLE

Encyclopedia or dictionary Santos, D. R. (Eds.). (1990). The new science encyclopedia (Vols. 1-20), London:Macmillan

EDITING STYLE

Proceedings of symposia Minguez , G. R. (1996). The expanded corn program in the Philippines. In A. F. Salgado (Ed.), Asian Regional Maize Workshop (pp. 120-130), University of Bandung Press. Indonesia.

EDITING STYLE

Unpublished doctoral dissertation Cruz, D. D. (1982). Technical and institutional change in renewable resource development (with application for traditional fisheries). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Madison University of Wisconsin.

EDITING STYLE

Article in an internet

Environmental sustainability index. (n.d). Retrieved August 24, 2004, from http://www. cc.gatech.environ/fcu/. Newton, R. T. (2004, July 7). Ten top corporations in the world. In Business word. Retrieved October 10, 2004, from http://www.corp.net.