Monarchs had absolute power . Monarchs controlled the army and the government.

. The king was not responsible to anyone for his actions. For example Louis XIV or Ferdinand VII

 Phillip V :
He was supported by France and Castile. Archduke Charles of Austria: He was supported by Aragon and other European Countries. The dispute led to the War of the Spanish Succession

 Phillip V:
Unified the Spanish political system and

established an absolutist government. He abolished the language, laws and institutions of the kingdoms that didnt support him. He left the traditions and customs to the provinces that had supported him during the battle. Spanish was divided into provinces.

 He supported the development of agriculture, industry and trade.

 There were new philosophical, economic and political ideas that led to its creation. Enlightenment believed: In individual freedom. That all men were born equal. All men had the same rights.

 Bourgeoisie didnt believe that the power should be in the hands of absolute monarchs and aristocracy . Bourgeoisie supported liberal ideas. Liberal revolutions led to liberal governments. An example of liberal revolution is French Revolution.

 French Revolution (1789) put an end to the Absolutism in France.

 Farming techniques: Crop rotation which included grass for pasture. Corn and potatoes were introduced from the Americas. New machines that ploughed, showed, harvested and threshed were invented.

Industrialisation:
New machines could manufacture goods in large

quantities and reduce the prices. Steam engine powered other machines by using the energy produced when steam is put under pressure.

 Means of transport: Trains and steamships were faster, cheaper, safer and carried more people. Energy sources: Coal and fuel were used. The electricity was invented.

 Capital: money to invest. Capitalism: economic system based on private ownership of factories. Investors: they had to earn the maximum profit without government interference.

 Industrial bourgeoisie:
Factory owners, merchants and bankers.
They had got money to invest in creating new

industries and commerce. They rose socially and promoted new values like hard work and business success.

 Industrial bourgeoisie: They enjoyed a new and different way of living. Their favourite leisure activities included going to cafs, theatres and the opera. They liked to show off their wealth, wore expensive clothing, lived in large houses and enjoyed parties.

 The working class: They were people who worked in factories in exchange for a wage. Factories were unhealthy and dangerous. Workers had to work long days. They received low wages and werent paid if they were ill. Women and children also worked but received less money than men. Children began to work from ten years, they couldnt go to school and many of them couldnt read or write.

 The working class:

They lived in working-class neighborhoods without

electricity, running water or sewers. Houses were small, damp and unventilated. Streets were narrow and dirty. Several families could live in the same house in unhealthy conditions and often died of contagious diseases. Many of they formed trade unions (organizations to improve working and living conditions).

 A better diet led the decline of some diseases, so population increased rapidly. There were more workers and more consumers. Peasants migrated to the cities because they lost their jobs due to mechanization of agricultural labour (rural exodus).

 Cities grew and medieval walls were knocked down to build new neighborhoods with modern infrastructures (sewers and gas lightning), transport infrastructures (tram and underground trains), wider streets, expensive houses and apartments for bourgeoisie. Factories and working-class housing were built in industrial suburbs.

 The introduction of liberalism: First attempt during the War of Independence against France: First Spanish Constitution. Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution and returned to an Absolute Monarchy. Isabella II became Spain a Parliamentary Monarchy (the Constitution of 1837 established the national sovereignty). The separation of powers and the recognition of the individual rights.

 Ferdinand VII abolished the Constitution and

returned to an Absolute Monarchy. Isabella II became Spain a Parliamentary Monarchy (the Constitution of 1837 established the national sovereignty, the separation of powers and the recognition of the individual rights).

 The introduction of liberalism:

During the Democratic Six Years universal male

suffrage was established and the First Republic was proclaimed. Alfonso XII restored the monarchy, but his rule was limited by the Constitution and parliament.

 The population in Spain: It increased less than in other European countries. The process of industrialization: Modernization of agriculture was slow. Peasants stayed in the countryside working as day laborers with very low wages. Two regions became industrialised: Catalonia (textile industry). Basque Country (steel industry).

They used iron to build bigger factories, train stations and markets with better lighting. Examples: Eiffel tower in Paris, Casa Lis in Salamanca.

Public sculptures filled parks and squares. Sculptors: Jos lvarez Cubero (The Defence of Zaragoza), Ricardo Bellver (The Fallen Angel) and Mariano Benlliure (Monument to the Apple).

THE DEFENCE OF ZARAGOZA

THE FALLEN ANGEL

Goya was one of the greatest Spanish artists. His early works showed festive scenes of country life, full of vitality and optimism (The grape Harvest).

Goya painted Charles III and Charles IV, he depicted the aristocratic lifestyle around him (The family of Charles IV). In his later years, his deafness and the violence of the war transformed his choice of subjects and depicted the horrors of war and the suffering of the Spanish people (The Third of May).

THE THIRD OF MAY

 Its a movement. It was very important in architecture, sculpture, painting and decorative arts. Modernism was inspired by the shapes and colour of the nature. It was characterized by the use of many different materials. Antonio Gaud: El Capricho, The Bishops palace, Casa de los Botines, Casa Batll, Casa Mil, Sagrada Familia.

 Paula Barreiro, Paula Ramos and Mara Luisa Ramos.